User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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==Verbs==
===Interrogative pronouns===
As already mentioned, the word root has a '''''(C)VC''''' structure. When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by a set of verbal suffixes, which convey an aspectual information:
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


'''majr-''', <small>''to see''</small> →
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
  '''majr-''' + '''-o-''' → '''majro-''' <small>''to see'' (imperfective aspect)</small>
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''
  '''majr-''' + '''-u-''' → '''majru-''' <small>''to see'' (perfective aspect)</small>
  '''majr-''' + '''-a-''' → '''majra-''' <small>''to see'' (resultative aspect)</small>


As the basic form of verbs is regarded the imperfective form, marked by the suffix '''-o-'''. The verbal form generally distinguishes the following ''proper categories'':
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.


*''Aspect'': imperfective, perfective, resultative''.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
*''Tense'': aorist, present.
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>
*''Person'': first, second, third.
*''Number'': singular, plural
*''Form'': main, dependent.


When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.


The verbal system of Hoð‘i language displays the following features:
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 


*'''tense''':
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
**''simple tenses'': present, past, perfect
**''compound tenses'': continuous present, continuous past, pluperfect, future, continuous future, anterior future, future in the past
*'''mood''':
**''definite moods'': indicative, imperative
**''indefinite moods'': infinitive, active participle, passive participleù
*'''diathesis''': active, passive


The simple tenses are distinguished by a typical vowel, while compound tenses are formed with the verb imew, ''to be'', as an auxiliary verb, and a participial form.
{|-
 
|-
The citation form of verbs is the present infinitive, marked by the ending -ew. From such form the verbal root can be inferred and can be changed in every other verbal form.
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
 
|-
The following personal endings are then added to the root in the definite moods. In this way, verbs show their agreement with the clause subject in person and number:  
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
 
|-
{| class="wikitable"
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>indicative<small>''</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>imperative<small>''</center>
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-n</center> ||
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>-</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>-to</center>
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-m‘i</center> || <center>-m‘ito</center>
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2"| <center>-v‘i</center> || rowspan="2"| <center>-v‘i</center>
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


The second and the third person share the same ending in both numbers. Thus the subject pronouns is usually expressed in the second person, to avoid ambiguity. The third person pronoun is, conversely, usually not expressed and left implied:
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
k‘etex xowno
<small>you sing</small>
 
(okex) xowno
<small>he/she sings</small>


The non-finite verbal forms are meant as nominal/adjectival forms of the same verbs. They do not add the personal endings, but they are declined as nouns or adjectives with the nominal declension endings.
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


As verbal forms, however, they can be built on the various temporal forms.
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:


The non-finite endings are:
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
*''infinitive'': -ew
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)
*''active participle'': -ð‘i
*''passive participle'': -ňə

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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