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| ==Verbs== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| The verbal system of Memniq language make its distinctions through several introflexive vowel switchings and through suffixation and prefixation. It is easily noticeable that introflexive processes distinguish mood, aspect, and tense, while suffixation and prefixation distinguish person, number, and, limitedly, also tense.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| The verbal system is based on the fundamental dichotomy between '''imperfective''' aspect and '''perfective''' aspect. This distinction is conveyed by two different verbal roots for every verbal meaning, the ''imperfective root'' ('''R<sub>imp</sub>''') and the ''perfective root'' ('''R<sub>prf</sub>'''). In triconsonantal root, distinction is made through introflexion:
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = CCVC → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = CVCVC
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
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| In biconsonantal roots, similarly, distinction is made through introflexion:
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = CVC → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = VCVC
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
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| Examples:
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = qmo̥l- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = qomo̥l-
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = še̥k- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = eše̥k-
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| The verbal system of displays the following features:
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| *'''aspect''':
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| **imperfective
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| **perfective
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| *'''tense''':
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| **past
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| **present
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| **future
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| *'''mood''':
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| **''definite moods'': indicative, subjunctive, conditional, optative, imperative
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| **''indefinite moods'': infinitive, participle
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| *'''diathesis''':
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| **active
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| **passive
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| *'''valency''':
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| **declarative
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| **inferential
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| All verbs are divided in two groups, called ''conjugations''. Each conjugation is distinguished by a different vowel pattern and by different prefixation and suffixation. Each vowel pattern is identified by a different ''thematic vowel'': '''Conjugation I''' displays -e- as its thematic vowel, while '''conjugation II''' displays -o- as its thematic vowel. The general scheme is:
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| {| class="wikitable" | |
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| | style="width: 90px;"| ''<small>Conjugation I</small>'' || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-e-</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
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| | ''<small>Conjugation II</small>'' || <center>-o-</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |} | |
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| The thematic vowel is usually the primary vowel of the word, and it does not change in the conjugation when conveying aspect, tense or person. Conversely, it undergoes several change when conjugation conveys mood.
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| The following personal endings are then added to the various aspectual and temporal forms. In this way, verbs show their agreement with the clause subject in person and number, besided introflexive processes:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| | style="width: 90px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 110px;"| <center>-u</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-u / -o</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center><small>''thematic vowel''</small> / Ø</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-m</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-š</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-t</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |} | |
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| Moods are distinguished, conversely, by altering the thematic vowel:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| | style="width: 90px;"| || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>Indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>Subjunctive</small>''</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>Conditional</small>''</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>''<small>Optative</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
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| | style="width: 90px;"| ''<small>Conjugation I</small>'' || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-e-</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-ä-</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-a-</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-i-</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
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| | style="width: 90px;"| ''<small>Conjugation II</small>'' || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-o-</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-ü-</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-y-</center> || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-ö-</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
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| The imperative forms are built with the same thematic vowel as the indicative forms. | | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
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| The non-finite verbal forms are meant as nominal/adjectival forms of the same verbs. They do not add the personal endings, but they are declined as nouns or adjectives with the nominal declension endings.
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| As verbal forms can, however, be formed on both roots. They can also change the thematic vowel according to mood.
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| The non-finite endings are:
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| *''infinitive'': -el | | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| *''active participle'': pë- -uś | | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
| *''passive participle'': fë- -oś | |
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| Tutte le forme verbali possono avere una valenza detta di tipo dichiarativo o di tipo renarrativo. Le forme dichiarative sono le forme normali di coniugazione e rappresentano asserzioni di cui il referente è stato testimone diretto, di cui si fida o di cui la valenza di informazione riportata non è comunque importante. Le forme renarrate si riferiscono invece ad asserzione di cui il referente non è testimone diretto, di cui dimostra una palese sfiducia o di cui, comunque, la valenza di informazione riportata è importante ai fini del discorso.
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| Le forme renarrative vengono costruite con un infisso di tipo consonantico -r-/-l-, che si pone all’interno delle due radici:
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| dichiarativo renarrativo
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| Rimpf CCVC CCVrC
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| Rprf CVCVC CVCVrC
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| La forma -l- viene utilizzata solamente quando la consonante adiacente è di tipo rotico.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| Il verbo distingue, inoltre, due diatesi, una attiva e una passiva.
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
Interrogative pronouns
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
- quality: ṫjejm-
- quantity: sjowp-
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
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who? / what? |
how much? / how many?
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singular |
plural |
singular |
plural
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| ergative |
ṫjejmek̇ə |
ṫjejmejk̇ə |
sjowpek̇ə |
sjowpejk̇ə
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| absolutive |
ṫjejme |
ṫjejmej |
sjowpe |
sjowpej
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| possessive |
ṫjejmeṗu |
ṫjejmejṗu |
sjowpeṗu |
sjowpejṗu
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| terminative |
ṫjejmeʈu |
ṫjejmejʈu |
sjowpeʈu |
sjowpejʈu
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| ablative |
ṫjejmeʡo |
ṫjejmejʡo |
sjowpeʡo |
sjowpejʡo
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| causative |
ṫjejmeno |
ṫjejmejno |
sjowpeno |
sjowpejno
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| benefactive |
ṫjejmepə |
ṫjejmejpə |
sjowpepə |
sjowpejpə
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| instrumental |
ṫjejmema |
ṫjejmejma |
sjowpema |
sjowpejma
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| locative |
ṫjejmewa |
ṫjejmejwa |
sjowpewa |
sjowpejwa
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The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
- ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
- ṫjejmeno : why (cause)
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
- ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
