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| ==Verbs== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| The verbal system of Memniq language make its distinctions through several introflexive vowel switchings and through suffixation and prefixation. It is easily noticeable that introflexive processes distinguish mood, aspect, and tense, while suffixation and prefixation distinguish person, number, and, limitedly, also tense.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| The verbal system is based on the fundamental dichotomy between '''imperfective''' aspect and '''perfective''' aspect. This distinction is conveyed by two different verbal roots for every verbal meaning, the ''imperfective root'' ('''R<sub>imp</sub>''') and the ''perfective root'' ('''R<sub>prf</sub>'''). In triconsonantal root, distinction is made through introflexion:
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = CCVC → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = CVCVC
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
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| In biconsonantal roots, similarly, distinction is made through introflexion:
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = CVC → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = VCVC
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
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| Examples:
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = qmo̥l- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = qomo̥l-
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = še̥k- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = eše̥k-
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| The verbal system of displays the following features:
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| *'''aspect''':
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| **imperfective
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| **perfective
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| *'''tense''':
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| **past
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| **present
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| **future
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| *'''mood''':
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| **''definite moods'': indicative, subjunctive, conditional, optative, imperative
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| **''indefinite moods'': infinitive, participle
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| *'''diathesis''':
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| **active
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| **passive
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| *'''valency''':
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| **declarative
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| **inferential
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| All verbs are divided in two groups, called ''conjugations''. Each conjugation is distinguished by a different vowel pattern and by different prefixation and suffixation. Each vowel pattern is identified by a different ''thematic vowel'': '''Conjugation I''' displays -e- as its thematic vowel, while '''conjugation II''' displays -o- as its thematic vowel. The general scheme is:
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| {| class="wikitable" | |
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| | style="width: 90px;"| ''<small>Conjugation I</small>'' || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-e-</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
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| | ''<small>Conjugation II</small>'' || <center>-o-</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |} | |
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| The thematic vowel is usually the primary vowel of the word, and it does not change in the conjugation when conveying aspect, tense or person. Conversely, it undergoes several change when conjugation conveys mood.
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| The following personal endings are then added to the various aspectual and temporal forms. In this way, verbs show their agreement with the clause subject in person and number, besided introflexive processes:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| | style="width: 90px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-u</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-u / -o</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center><small>''thematic vowel''</small> / Ø</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-m</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-š</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-t</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |}
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| I diversi modi vengono invece realizzati alterando la vocale tematica:
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| indicativo congiuntivo condizionale ottativo
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| coniugazione I -e- -ä- -a- -i-
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| coniugazione II -o- -ü- -y- -ö-
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| Le forme dell’imperativo si costruiscono sulla base della vocale tematica dell’indicativo.
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| The root vowel change follows well-defined patterns:
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = short vowel → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = long vowel
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = long vowel → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = diphthong
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = semivowel → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = [ə] + semivowel
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| Examples:
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = ɸaq- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = ɸāq-
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = çīr- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = çwir-
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = qmš- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = qəmš-
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| However, multisyllabic verbal roots can be formed through morphological derivation by adding prefixes or suffixes or both of them. These morphological affixes are usually not involved in the change process. The vowel involved is that belonging to the original verbal root:
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| Examples:
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = çāɸaq- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = çāɸāq-
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = ɣārɸi- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = ɣārɸī-
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| Irregular perfective roots can be found, however rarely. Some verbs may entirely lack their perfective root.
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| No distinction is made on a temporal level. Time is conveyed exclusively through temporal adverbs and particles.
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| There are three verbal moods and three non-finite forms:
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| * ''Moods'': indicative, subjunctive, imperative
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| * ''Non-finite'': active participle, passive participle
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| The citation form of verbs is the imperfective imperative, which coincides exactly with the imperfective root. From such form the imperfective root can be inferred and can be changed in its perfective equivalent.
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| All verbs are divided in three groups, called ''conjugations''. Each conjugation is distinguished by a different conjugating pattern in aspect, person and mood, and a different ''thematic vowel'', which is added to the root before the personal endings. The '''1<small><sup>st</sup></small> conjugation''' has a ''null ending'', with the personal endings being directly added to the root. The '''2<small><sup>nd</sup></small> conjugation''' and the '''3<small><sup>rd</sup></small> conjugation''' add -i- and -u-, respectively, as thematic vowels. The general scheme is:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| | style="width: 90px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>'' || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-</center> | |
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>'' || <center>-i-</center>
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>'' || <center>-u-</center>
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| |}
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| The following personal endings are then added to the various aspectual forms. In this way, verbs show their agreement with the clause subject in person and number:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 70px;"| <center>-š</center>
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-m</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-ɣ</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-ža</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-ku</center> | |
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-ç</center> | |
| |} | | |} |
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| The subjunctive mood is usually derived from the indicative forms, with different patterns according to the conjugation. 1<small><sup>st</sup></small> conjugation verbs add a suffix, while 2<small><sup>nd</sup></small> and 3<small><sup>rd</sup></small> conjugation verbs change the thematic vowel. The imperative mood has an only form, not varying in person and number, which coincides with the pure verbal roots, both imperfective and perfective. | | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
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| The non-finite verbal forms are meant as nominal/adjectival forms of the same verbs. They do not add the personal endings, but they are declined as nouns or adjectives with the nominal declension endings. As verbal forms can, however, be formed on both roots.
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| The non-finite endings are:
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| *''active participle'': -rā
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| *''passive participle'': -žu
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| These forms are used, with the verb sū, ''to be'' as an auxiliary verb, to construct further aspectual forms, a ''progressive'' form and a ''resultative'' form. Thus the distinct aspectual forms amount to four:
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
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| * ''Aspects'': imperfective, perfective, progressive, resultative
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
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| A distinction between an active diathesis and a passive diathesis is made. However, the passive diathesis distinguishes a reduced amount of aspectual forms.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
