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| ==Verbs== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| The verbal system of Memniq language make its distinctions through several introflexive vowel switchings and through suffixation and prefixation. It is easily noticeable that introflexive processes distinguish mood, aspect, and tense, while suffixation and prefixation distinguish person, number, and, limitedly, also tense.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| The verbal system is based on the fundamental dichotomy between '''imperfective''' aspect and '''perfective''' aspect. This distinction is conveyed by two different verbal roots for every verbal meaning, the ''imperfective root'' ('''R<sub>imp</sub>''') and the ''perfective root'' ('''R<sub>prf</sub>'''). In triconsonantal root, distinction is made through introflexion:
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = CCVC → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = CVCVC
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
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| In biconsonantal roots, similarly, distinction is made through introflexion:
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = CVC → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = VCVC
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
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| Examples:
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = qmo̥l- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = qomo̥l-
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = še̥k- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = eše̥k-
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| The verbal system of displays the following features:
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| *'''aspect''':
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| **imperfective
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| **perfective
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| *'''tense''':
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| **past
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| **present
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| **future
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| *'''mood''':
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| **''definite moods'': indicative, subjunctive, conditional, optative, imperative
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| **''indefinite moods'': infinitive, participle
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| *'''diathesis''':
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| **active
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| **passive
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| *'''valency''':
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| **declarative
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| **inferential
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| All verbs are divided in two groups, called ''conjugations''. Each conjugation is distinguished by a different vowel pattern and by different prefixation and suffixation. Each vowel pattern is identified by a different ''thematic vowel'': '''Conjugation I''' displays -e- as its thematic vowel, while '''conjugation II''' displays -o- as its thematic vowel. The general scheme is:
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| {| class="wikitable" | |
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| | style="width: 90px;"| ''<small>Conjugation I</small>'' || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-e-</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
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| | ''<small>Conjugation II</small>'' || <center>-o-</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
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| I verbi vengono suddivisi in due categorie, dette coniugazioni. Ogni coniugazione si distingue per la presenza di uno schema vocalico e di prefissi diversi. Come schema vocalico viene identificato dalla presenza di una vocale particolare, detta “vocale tematica”: la coniugazione I presenta come vocale tematica -e-, mentre la coniugazione II presenta come vocale tematica -o-:
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| coniugazione I -e-
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| coniugazione II -o-
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| La vocale tematica tende a coincidere con la vocale primaria della singola parola ed a presentarsi immutata nella coniugazione aspettuale, temporale e personale, ma subire notevoli mutamenti nella coniugazione modale.
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| The root vowel change follows well-defined patterns:
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = short vowel → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = long vowel
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = long vowel → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = diphthong
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = semivowel → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = [ə] + semivowel
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| Examples:
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = ɸaq- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = ɸāq-
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = çīr- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = çwir-
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = qmš- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = qəmš-
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| However, multisyllabic verbal roots can be formed through morphological derivation by adding prefixes or suffixes or both of them. These morphological affixes are usually not involved in the change process. The vowel involved is that belonging to the original verbal root:
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| Examples:
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = çāɸaq- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = çāɸāq-
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = ɣārɸi- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = ɣārɸī-
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| Irregular perfective roots can be found, however rarely. Some verbs may entirely lack their perfective root.
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| No distinction is made on a temporal level. Time is conveyed exclusively through temporal adverbs and particles.
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| There are three verbal moods and three non-finite forms:
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| * ''Moods'': indicative, subjunctive, imperative
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| * ''Non-finite'': active participle, passive participle
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| The citation form of verbs is the imperfective imperative, which coincides exactly with the imperfective root. From such form the imperfective root can be inferred and can be changed in its perfective equivalent.
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| All verbs are divided in three groups, called ''conjugations''. Each conjugation is distinguished by a different conjugating pattern in aspect, person and mood, and a different ''thematic vowel'', which is added to the root before the personal endings. The '''1<small><sup>st</sup></small> conjugation''' has a ''null ending'', with the personal endings being directly added to the root. The '''2<small><sup>nd</sup></small> conjugation''' and the '''3<small><sup>rd</sup></small> conjugation''' add -i- and -u-, respectively, as thematic vowels. The general scheme is:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| | style="width: 90px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>'' || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>'' || <center>-i-</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>'' || <center>-u-</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |} | |
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| The following personal endings are then added to the various aspectual forms. In this way, verbs show their agreement with the clause subject in person and number:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 70px;"| <center>-š</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-m</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-ɣ</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-ža</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-ku</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-ç</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
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| The subjunctive mood is usually derived from the indicative forms, with different patterns according to the conjugation. 1<small><sup>st</sup></small> conjugation verbs add a suffix, while 2<small><sup>nd</sup></small> and 3<small><sup>rd</sup></small> conjugation verbs change the thematic vowel. The imperative mood has an only form, not varying in person and number, which coincides with the pure verbal roots, both imperfective and perfective. | | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
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| The non-finite verbal forms are meant as nominal/adjectival forms of the same verbs. They do not add the personal endings, but they are declined as nouns or adjectives with the nominal declension endings. As verbal forms can, however, be formed on both roots.
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| The non-finite endings are:
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| *''active participle'': -rā
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| *''passive participle'': -žu
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| These forms are used, with the verb sū, ''to be'' as an auxiliary verb, to construct further aspectual forms, a ''progressive'' form and a ''resultative'' form. Thus the distinct aspectual forms amount to four:
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
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| * ''Aspects'': imperfective, perfective, progressive, resultative
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
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| A distinction between an active diathesis and a passive diathesis is made. However, the passive diathesis distinguishes a reduced amount of aspectual forms.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
Interrogative pronouns
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
- quality: ṫjejm-
- quantity: sjowp-
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
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who? / what? |
how much? / how many?
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singular |
plural |
singular |
plural
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| ergative |
ṫjejmek̇ə |
ṫjejmejk̇ə |
sjowpek̇ə |
sjowpejk̇ə
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| absolutive |
ṫjejme |
ṫjejmej |
sjowpe |
sjowpej
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| possessive |
ṫjejmeṗu |
ṫjejmejṗu |
sjowpeṗu |
sjowpejṗu
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| terminative |
ṫjejmeʈu |
ṫjejmejʈu |
sjowpeʈu |
sjowpejʈu
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| ablative |
ṫjejmeʡo |
ṫjejmejʡo |
sjowpeʡo |
sjowpejʡo
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| causative |
ṫjejmeno |
ṫjejmejno |
sjowpeno |
sjowpejno
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| benefactive |
ṫjejmepə |
ṫjejmejpə |
sjowpepə |
sjowpejpə
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| instrumental |
ṫjejmema |
ṫjejmejma |
sjowpema |
sjowpejma
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| locative |
ṫjejmewa |
ṫjejmejwa |
sjowpewa |
sjowpejwa
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The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
- ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
- ṫjejmeno : why (cause)
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
- ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
