User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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==Verbs==
===Interrogative pronouns===
The verbal system of Βaβar language is based on the fundamental dichotomy between '''imperfective''' aspect and '''perfective''' aspect. This distinction is conveyed by two different verbal roots for every verbal meaning, the ''imperfective root'' ('''R<sub>imp</sub>''') and the ''perfective root'' ('''R<sub>prf</sub>'''). The perfective root is usually derived from the imperfective one through an introflexive process of vowel change:
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


CC'''V<sub>1</sub>'''CC → CC'''V<sub>2</sub>'''CC
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


The root vowel change follows well-defined patterns:
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.


  '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = short vowel → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = long vowel
  '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  


'''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = long vowel → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = diphthong
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.


  '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = semivowel → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = [ə] + semivowel
  '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small>


Examples:
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
'''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = ɸaq- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = ɸāq-


'''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = çīr- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = çwir-
{|-
 
|-
'''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = qmš- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = qəmš-
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
 
|-
However, multisyllabic verbal roots can be formed through morphological derivation by adding prefixes or suffixes or both of them. These morphological affixes are usually not involved in the change process. The vowel involved is that belonging to the original verbal root:  
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>  
 
Examples:
 
'''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = çāɸaq- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = çāɸāq-
 
'''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = ɣārɸi- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = ɣārɸī-
 
Irregular perfective roots can be found, however rarely. Some verbs may entirely lack their perfective root.
 
No distinction is made on a temporal level. Time is conveyed exclusively through temporal adverbs and particles.
 
There are three verbal moods and three non-finite forms:
* ''Moods'': indicative, subjunctive, imperative
* ''Non-finite'': active participle, passive participle
 
The citation form of verbs is the imperfective imperative, which coincides exactly with the imperfective root. From such form the imperfective root can be inferred and can be changed in its perfective equivalent.
 
All verbs are divided in three groups, called ''conjugations''. Each conjugation is distinguished by a different conjugating pattern in aspect, person and mood, and a different ''thematic vowel'', which is added to the root before the personal endings. The '''1<small><sup>st</sup></small> conjugation''' has a ''null ending'', with the personal endings being directly added to the root. The '''2<small><sup>nd</sup></small> conjugation''' and the '''3<small><sup>rd</sup></small> conjugation''' add -i- and -u-, respectively, as thematic vowels. The general scheme is:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 90px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> conjugation</small>'' || style="width: 90px;"| <center>-</center>
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> conjugation</small>'' || <center>-i-</center>
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> conjugation</small>'' || <center>-u-</center>
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|}
 
The following personal endings are then added to the various aspectual forms. In this way, verbs show their agreement with the clause subject in person and number:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 70px;"| <center>-š</center>
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-m</center>
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-ɣ</center>
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-ža</center>
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-ku</center>
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-ç</center>
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


Il modo congiuntivo è considerato derivato dell’indicativo e viene costruito in modi diversi a seconda della coniugazione. I verbi della prima coniugazione aggiungono una forma suffissale, mentre i verbi della seconda e della terza coniugazione alterano la propria vocale tematica. Il modo imperativo possiede invece una forma unica, per persona e numero, che corrisponde alla radice verbale pura, presentando altresì una forma imperfettiva e una perfettiva.
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
Le forme indefinite del verbo, invece, sono da intendersi come forme aggettivali del verbo stesso. Non seguono la coniugazione personale del verbo, ma vengono declinati come nomi o aggettivi con le desinenze nominali. In quanto forme verbali possono però essere costruite su entrambe le radici.
Le desinenze delle forme indefinite sono:
participio attivo -rā
participio passivo -žu


Queste forme indefinite vengono utilizzate, insieme al verbo sū, essere, in forma di ausiliare, per costruire ulteriori forme aspettuali, tra cui una forma progressiva e una resultativa. In questo modo le forme aspettuali distinte sono quattro:
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


* ''Aspects'': imperfective, perfective, progressive, resultative
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:


A distinction between an active diathesis and a passive diathesis is made. However, the passive diathesis distinguishes a reduced amount of aspectual forms.
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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