User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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==Verbs==
===Interrogative pronouns===
Verbs in Proto-Saːkdi usually have a multisyllabic form. Each verbal form carries only the semantical information, while othere feature are conveyed by other grammatic particles.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


On the morphological level the verb display ''no person'', or ''number'', exhibiting always the same unaltered form:
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


'''kotnez'''
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
<small>(I, you, he, she, it, we, they) hear</small>


The verbal person is conveyed by nouns and personal pronouns, which can convey also the number, unlike nouns:
  '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
  <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  
  '''kotnez ɔn'''
  <small>I hear</small>


'''kotnez eʂeʂ'''
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
<small>you (pl.) hear</small>


The verb, however, can be adjoined by particles, which convey either the aspectual or the temporal value of an action or a state. The set of the verb form, carrying the meaning, together with the temporal and the aspectual particles is called ''verb cluster''.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 


'''kotnez ŋuh pɔ'''
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
<small>hear - past - perfective</small>


The aspectual particles are:
{|-
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''aspect''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''particle''</small></center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| ''progressive'' || <center>'''moʈ'''</center>
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>  
|-
|-
| ''perfective'' || <center>'''ŋuh'''</center>
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| ''resultative'' || <center>'''boh'''</center>
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| ''habitual'' || <center>'''ʡab'''</center>
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| ''repetitive'' || <center>'''rɔp'''</center>
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| ''experiential'' || <center>'''jaq'''</center>
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| ''prospective'' || <center>'''ɴes'''</center>
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|}
 
The absence of an aspectual particle is understood as a ''gnomic aspect'', namely pointing to an always extant and true action or state. The aspectual particle are always place after the verb, and are not usually left out. Examples:
 
'''kotnez ɔn'''
<small>I hear (always)</small>
 
'''kotnez moʈ ɔn'''
<small>I am hearing</small>
 
'''kotnez ŋuh ɔn'''
<small>I heard</small>
 
The temporal particles are:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''time''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''particle''</small></center>
|-
|-
| ''present'' || <center>'''re'''</center>
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| ''past'' || <center>'''pɔ'''</center>
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| ''future'' || <center>'''saː'''</center>
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


Temporal particles are similar to temporal adverbs, and sometimes they are regarded as such. However, they are somehow tied to the verb, as part of the verb cluster. They tend to be placed in the clause position for time referements.
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
These forms are not always expressed, only if deemed necessary for the temporal identification of the clause. In a common clause, only the aspect is expressed. The temporal referement is substantially indefinite and they are not expressed if a more definite temporal referement is already present in the clause.
 
'''kotnez moʈ ɔn saː'''
<small>I will be hearing</small>
 
'''kotnez boh ɔn re '''
<small>I've heard just a bit ago</small>
 
Two additional particles can be placed after the verb, '''tiː''', which conveys a meaning of command, being thus an imperative particle, and '''niː''', which conveys a meaning of negative command or prohibition, being thus a prohibitive particle.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''particle''</small></center>
|-
| ''imperative'' || <center>'''tiː'''</center>
|-
| ''prohibitive'' || <center>'''niː'''</center>
|}


These particles are mandatorily used when orders and prohibitions are to be conveyed. When used, personal pronouns, aspectual particles, and temporal particles are usually not required, but they can be optionally used. Both particles are placed before the verb.
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
'''tı̇ː gohʈaʡ'''
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)
<small>go!</small>


'''tı̇ː gohʈaʡ ŋuh'''
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
<small>go! (up to destination)</small>


'''tı̇ː gohʈaʡ eʂ mu tı̇ː konpɑːdrɛːh uʈ'''
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
<small>you go, but he stay!</small>
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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