User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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==Verbs==
===Interrogative pronouns===
Verbs in Į̄mχɛ̱́ language usually have a monosyllabic form, or a multisyllabic form, if morphologically derived. Each verbal form carries only the semantical information, while othere feature are conveyed by other grammatic particles.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


On the morphological level the verb display ''no person'', or ''number'', exhibiting always the same unaltered form:
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


ŕǿ̱θ
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
<small>(I, you, he, she, it, we, they) hear</small>


The verbal person is conveyed by nouns and personal pronouns, which can convey also the number, unlike nouns:
  '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
  <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  
  wo̱ ŕǿ̱θ
  <small>I hear</small>


θā he̱ ŕǿ̱θ
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
<small>you (pl.) hear</small>


The verb, however, can be adjoined by particles, which convey both the aspectual and the temporal value of an action or a state. The set of the verb form, carrying the meaning, together with the temporal-aspectual particles is called ''verb cluster''.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 


ŕǿ̱θ xø̌w
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
<small>hear - past+perfective</small>


Personal pronouns are not considered to be part of the verb cluster, as they can be freely placed in other parts of the clause. Verbal particles, conversely, are strictly tied to the same verbal form.
{|-
 
The aspectual particles make a distinction between a present form and a past form:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''aspect''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''present''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''past''</small></center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| ''progressive'' || <center>ɑ̀rɛ́</center> || <center>ěw</center>
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>  
|-
|-
| ''perfective'' || <center>xōrɛ́</center> || <center>xø̌w</center>
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| ''resultative'' || <center>čèrɛ́</center> || <center>čə̱̃w</center>
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| ''repetitive'' || <center>žy̌rɛ́</center> || <center>žy̌w</center>
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
| ''experiential'' || <center>βɔ̄rɛ́</center> || <center>βø̌w</center>
|-
| ''prospective'' || <center>pu̱rɛ́</center> || <center>pứ̱w</center>
|}
 
The absence of an aspectual particle is understood as an ''tenseless habitual aspect'', namely pointing to a usual or customary in time action or state, without any specific referement to time. The aspectual particle are always place after the verb, and are not usually left out. Examples:
 
wo̱ ŕǿ̱θ
<small>I hear (always)</small>
 
wo̱ ŕǿ̱θ ɑ̀rɛ́
<small>I am hearing</small>
 
wo̱ ŕǿ̱θ xø̌w
<small>I heard</small>
 
There are, however, addtional temporal particles:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''time''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''particle''</small></center>
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| ''future'' || <center>kūx</center>
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| ''distant past'' || <center>ŕə̄̀</center>
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|}
 
These temporal particles are similar to temporal adverbs, and sometimes they are regarded as such. However, unlike real adverbs, they are tied to the verb, as part of the verb cluster. They are usually placed after the verb and after the aspectual particles. Their usage is combined with the aspectual particles, conveying different tenses.
 
wo̱ ŕǿ̱θ ɑ̀rɛ́
<small>I am hearing</small>
 
wo̱ ŕǿ̱θ ɑ̀rɛ́ kūx
<small>I will be hearing</small>
 
wo̱ ŕǿ̱θ ěw
<small>I was hearing</small>
 
wo̱ ŕǿ̱θ ěw ŕə̄̀
<small>I was hearing (a long ago)</small>
 
wo̱ ŕǿ̱θ ěw kūx
<small>I would be hearing</small>
 
These combinations are quite free, except for the fact that the distant past particle is never used with present aspectual particles.
 
Two additional particles can be placed after the verb, šı̄, which conveys a meaning of command, being thus an imperative particle, and šɑ̄, which conveys a meaning of negative command or prohibition, being thus a prohibitive particle.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''particle''</small></center>
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| ''imperative'' || <center>šı̄</center>
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| ''prohibitive'' || <center>šɑ̄</center>
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


These particles are mandatorily used when orders and prohibitions are to be conveyed. When used, personal pronouns, aspectual particles, and temporal particles are usually not required, but they can be optionally used. Both particles are placed right after the verb.
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:


šı̄ tı́
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
<small>go!</small>
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


šı̄ tı́ xōrɛ́
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
<small>go! (up to destination)</small>


θā šı̄ tı́ ða ðē šı́ ɟēn
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
<small>you go, but he stay!</small>
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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