User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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==Verbs==
===Interrogative pronouns===
Verbs in Pı̇ħ usually have a monosyllabic form, or a multisyllabic form, if morphologically derived. Each verbal form carries only the semantical information, while othere feature are conveyed by other grammatic particles.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


On the morphological level the verb display ''no person'', or ''number'', exhibiting always the same unaltered form:
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


'''rjos'''
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
<small>(I, you, he, she, it, we, they) hear</small>


The verbal person is conveyed by nouns and personal pronouns, which can convey also the number, unlike nouns:
  '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
  <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  
  '''ŋọ rjos'''
  <small>I hear</small>


'''sȧ ʔẹ rjos'''
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
<small>you (pl.) hear</small>


The verb, however, can be adjoined by particles, which convey either the aspectual or the temporal value of an action or a state. The set of the verb form, carrying the meaning, together with the temporal and the aspectual particles is called ''verb cluster''.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 


'''hı̣wŋ rjos xȯ'''
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
<small>past - hear - perfective</small>


Personal pronouns are not considered to be part of the verb cluster, as they can be freely placed in other parts of the clause. Verbal particles, conversely, are strictly tied to the same verbal form.
{|-
 
The aspectual particles are:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''aspect''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''particle''</small></center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| ''progressive'' || <center>'''ɴjạ'''</center>
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>  
|-
|-
| ''perfective'' || <center>'''xȯ'''</center>
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| ''resultative'' || <center>'''cjɛ̣'''</center>
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| ''repetitive'' || <center>'''ɬjuj'''</center>
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| ''experiential'' || <center>'''ɸɔ̇'''</center>
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| ''prospective'' || <center>'''pwọ'''</center>
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|}
 
The absence of an aspectual particle is understood as an ''habitual aspect'', namely pointing to a usual or customary in time action or state. The aspectual particle are always place after the verb, and are not usually left out. Examples:
 
'''ŋọ rjos'''
<small>I hear (always)</small>
 
'''ŋọ rjos ɴjạ'''
<small>I am hearing</small>
 
'''ŋọ rjos xȯ'''
<small>I heard</small>
 
The temporal particles are:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''time''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''particle''</small></center>
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| ''now'' || <center>'''rɔj'''</center>
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| ''past'' || <center>'''hı̣wŋ'''</center>
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| ''future'' || <center>'''ku̇x'''</center>
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|-
| ''distant past'' || <center>'''rjɛ̇w'''</center>
|}
|}


Temporal particles are similar to temporal adverbs, and sometimes they are regarded as such. However, unlike real adverbs, they are tied to the verb, as part of the verb cluster. They are not always expressed, only if deemed necessary for the temporal identification of the clause. In a common clause, only the aspect is expressed:
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
'''ŋọ hı̣wŋ rjos'''
<small>I used to hear (always)</small>
 
'''ŋọ ku̇x rjos ɴjạ'''
<small>I will be hearing</small>
 
'''ŋọ rɔj rjos xȯ'''
<small>I heard (right a bit ago)</small>
 
Due ulteriori particelle possono essere utilizzate dopo il verbo, sjı̇, il quale esprime una forma di ordine e quindi di imperativo, e sjȧ, il quale esprime un obbligo negativo, e quindi una proibizione.
particella
imperativo sjı̇
proibitivo sjȧ


Queste particelle sono obbligatorie per esprimere ordini e proibizioni. Vengono generalmente usate da sole, in frasi isolate, ma possono essere accompagnate dai pronomi personali, per meglio specificare a chi dare l’ordine e dalle particelle aspettuali, le quali precedono queste forme.
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
tı̇h sjı̇
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
vai!
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


'''tı̇h xȯ sjı̇'''
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
<small>go! ()</small>


'''sȧ tı̇h sjı̇ ɬa ɬė ʔjɛ̇n sjı̇'''
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
tu vai, ma lui resta!
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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