User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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===Conjugation of auxiliary verbs and modal verbs===
===Interrogative pronouns===
Auxiliary verbs and modal verbs are the only verbs which display a proper conjugation, usually an irregular one, with different forms for every person. Moreover, each form has a negative counterpart.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


The auxiliary verbs are:
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
* wĩňid, ''to be''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''
* mid, ''to go''


Conjugation of irregular forms of wĩňid:
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.


{| class="wikitable"
'''ṫjejm-''' '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' '''ṫjejme'''
|-
<small>''interr.'' ''what?, who?''</small>  
| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center>
|-
| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
|-
| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wẽv</center> || <center>wĩvs</center> || <center>jẽv</center> || <center>jĩvs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wẽr</center> || <center>wĩrs</center> || <center>jẽr</center> || <center>jĩrs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wẽh</center> || <center>wĩs</center> || <center>jẽh</center> || <center>jĩs</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wẽnõ</center> || <center>wĩns</center> || <center>jẽnõ</center> || <center>jĩns</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wẽrõ</center> || <center>wĩrõs</center> || <center>jẽrõ</center> || <center>jĩrõs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wẽžõ</center> || <center>wĩžõs</center> || <center>jẽžõ</center> || <center>jĩžõs</center>
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>subjunctive</small>''</center>
|-
| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
|-
| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wũšev</center> || <center>wũšĩvs</center> || <center>jũšev</center> || <center>jũšĩvs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wũšr</center> || <center>wũšris</center> || <center>jũšr</center> || <center>jũšris</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wũš</center> || <center>wũšis</center> || <center>jũš</center> || <center>jũšis</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wũšõ</center> || <center>wũšũs</center> || <center>jũšõ</center> || <center>jũšũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wũšrõ</center> || <center>wũšrũs</center> || <center>jũšrõ</center> || <center>jũšrũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wũžõ</center> || <center>wũžũs</center> || <center>jũžõ</center> || <center>jũžũs</center>
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
|-
| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
|-
| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wĩšev</center> || <center>wĩšĩvs</center> || <center>jĩšev</center> || <center>jĩšĩvs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wĩšr</center> || <center>wĩšris</center> || <center>jĩšr</center> || <center>jĩšris</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wĩh</center> || <center>wĩš</center> || <center>jĩh</center> || <center>jĩš</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wĩšõ</center> || <center>wĩšũs</center> || <center>jĩšõ</center> || <center>jĩšũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wĩšrõ</center> || <center>wĩšrũs</center> || <center>jĩšrõ</center> || <center>jĩšrũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wĩžõ</center> || <center>wĩžũs</center> || <center>jĩžõ</center> || <center>jĩžũs</center>
|}
 
Conjugation of irregular forms of mid:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center>
|-
| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
|-
| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mjov</center> || <center>mjuvs</center> || <center>imjov</center> || <center>imjuvs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mjer</center> || <center>mjirs</center> || <center>imir</center> || <center>imirs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mješ</center> || <center>mjiš</center> || <center>imeš</center> || <center>imiš</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mjõ</center> || <center>mjũs</center> || <center>imjõ</center> || <center>imjũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mjerõ</center> || <center>mjirũs</center> || <center>imirõ</center> || <center>imirũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mježõ</center> || <center>mjižũs</center> || <center>imižõ</center> || <center>imižũs</center>
|}
 
The modal verbs are:
* fĩšid, ''to can'', ''to be able''
* nužid, ''to want''
* juřid, ''to must'', ''to have to''
 
Conjugation of irregular forms of fĩšid:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center>
|-
| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
|-
| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fẽšəv</center> || <center>fĩšivs</center> || <center>afẽšəv</center> || <center>afĩšivs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fẽšr</center> || <center>fĩšĩrs</center> || <center>afẽšr</center> || <center>afĩšĩrs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fẽs</center> || <center>fĩš</center> || <center>afẽs</center> || <center>afĩš</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fẽšõ</center> || <center>fĩšũs</center> || <center>afẽšõ</center> || <center>afĩšũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fẽšrõ</center> || <center>fĩšĩrũs</center> || <center>afẽšrõ</center> || <center>afĩšĩrũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fẽžõ</center> || <center>fĩžũs</center> || <center>afẽžõ</center> || <center>afĩžũs</center>
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>subjunctive</small>''</center>
|-
| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
|-
| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fũšəv</center> || <center>fũšivs</center> || <center>afũšəv</center> || <center>afũšivs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fũšr</center> || <center>fũšĩrs</center> || <center>afũšr</center> || <center>afũšĩrs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fũs</center> || <center>fũšis</center> || <center>afũs</center> || <center>afũšis</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fũšõ</center> || <center>fũšũs</center> || <center>afũšõ</center> || <center>afũšũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fũšrõ</center> || <center>fũšĩrũs</center> || <center>afũšrõ</center> || <center>afũšĩrũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fũžõ</center> || <center>fũžũs</center> || <center>afũžõ</center> || <center>afũžũs</center>
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
|-
| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
|-
| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fĩšəv</center> || <center>fĩšivs</center> || <center>afĩšəv</center> || <center>afĩšivs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fĩšr</center> || <center>fĩšĩrs</center> || <center>afĩšr</center> || <center>afĩšĩrs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fĩs</center> || <center>fĩšis</center> || <center>afĩs</center> || <center>afĩšis</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fĩšõ</center> || <center>fĩšũs</center> || <center>afĩšõ</center> || <center>afĩšũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fĩšrõ</center> || <center>fĩšĩrũs</center> || <center>afĩšrõ</center> || <center>afĩšĩrũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fĩžõ</center> || <center>fĩžũs</center> || <center>afĩžõ</center> || <center>afĩžũs</center>
|}


As it can be easily noticed, all negative forms in the conditional mood of the verb fĩšid are the same as the negative forms of the indicative mood.
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.


Conjugation of irregular forms of nužid:
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 


{| class="wikitable"
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
|-
| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center>
|-
| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
|-
| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>nwožəv</center> || <center>nuživs</center> || <center>aňwožəv</center> || <center>aňuživs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>nwožr</center> || <center>nužirs</center> || <center>aňwožr</center> || <center>aňužirs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>nwož</center> || <center>nuž</center> || <center>aňwož</center> || <center>aňuž</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>nwožõ</center> || <center>nužũs</center> || <center>aňwožõ</center> || <center>aňužũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>nwožrõ</center> || <center>nužrũs</center> || <center>aňwožrõ</center> || <center>aňužrũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>nwožõ</center> || <center>nužũs</center> || <center>aňwožõ</center> || <center>aňužũs</center>
|}


{| class="wikitable"
{|-
|-
| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>subjunctive</small>''</center>
|-
| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
|-
| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>nušəv</center> || <center>nušivs</center> || <center>aňušəv</center> || <center>aňušivs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>nušr</center> || <center>nuširs</center> || <center>aňušr</center> || <center>aňuširs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>nuš</center> || <center>nušis</center> || <center>aňuš</center> || <center>aňušis</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>nušõ</center> || <center>nušũs</center> || <center>aňušõ</center> || <center>aňušũs</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>nušrõ</center> || <center>nušrũs</center> || <center>aňušrõ</center> || <center>aňušrũs</center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>nušõ</center> || <center>nušũs</center> || <center>aňušõ</center> || <center>aňušũs</center>
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>  
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>nišəv</center> || <center>nišivs</center> || <center>aňišəv</center> || <center>aňišivs</center>
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>nišr</center> || <center>niširs</center> || <center>aňišr</center> || <center>aňiširs</center>
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>niš</center> || <center>nišis</center> || <center>aňiš</center> || <center>aňišis</center>
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>nišõ</center> || <center>nišũs</center> || <center>aňišõ</center> || <center>aňišũs</center>
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>nišrõ</center> || <center>nišrũs</center> || <center>aňišrõ</center> || <center>aňišrũs</center>
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>nišõ</center> || <center>nišũs</center> || <center>aňišõ</center> || <center>aňišũs</center>
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


Conjugation of irregular forms of juřid:
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:


{| class="wikitable"
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
|-
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center>
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)
|-
| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
|-
| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>worəv</center> || <center>urivs</center> || <center>avorəv</center> || <center>avurivs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>worər</center> || <center>urirs</center> || <center>avorər</center> || <center>avurirs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wor</center> || <center>urs</center> || <center>avor</center> || <center>avurs</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>worõ</center> || <center>urũs</center> || <center>avorõ</center> || <center>avurũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>worərõ</center> || <center>urirũs</center> || <center>avorərõ</center> || <center>avurirũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>woržõ</center> || <center>uržũs</center> || <center>avoržõ</center> || <center>avuržũs</center>
|}


{| class="wikitable"
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:  
|-
| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>subjunctive</small>''</center>
|-
| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
|-
| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>uršəv</center> || <center>uršivs</center> || <center>avuršəv</center> || <center>avuršivs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>uršr</center> || <center>urširs</center> || <center>avuršr</center> || <center>avurširs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>urš</center> || <center>uršis</center> || <center>avurš</center> || <center>avuršis</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>uršõ</center> || <center>uršũs</center> || <center>avuršõ</center> || <center>avuršũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>uršrõ</center> || <center>urširũs</center> || <center>avuršrõ</center> || <center>avurširũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>uržõ</center> || <center>uržũs</center> || <center>avuržõ</center> || <center>avuržũs</center>
|}


{| class="wikitable"
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
|-
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)
| || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
|-
| || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
|-
| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wiršəv</center> || <center>wiršivs</center> || <center>aviršəv</center> || <center>aviršivs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wiršr</center> || <center>wirširs</center> || <center>aviršr</center> || <center>avirširs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wirš</center> || <center>wiršis</center> || <center>avirš</center> || <center>aviršis</center>
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wiršõ</center> || <center>wiršũs</center> || <center>aviršõ</center> || <center>aviršũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wiršrõ</center> || <center>wirširũs</center> || <center>aviršrõ</center> || <center>avirširũs</center>
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wiržõ</center> || <center>wiržũs</center> || <center>aviržõ</center> || <center>aviržũs</center>
|}

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-.

ṫjejm-ṫjejm- + -e-ṫjejme
interr.what?, who? 

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-.

ṫjejm-ṫjejm- + -i-ṫjejmi
interr.which?  

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)