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| ===Conjugation of auxiliary verbs and modal verbs=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Auxiliary verbs and modal verbs are the only verbs which display a proper conjugation, usually an irregular one, with different forms for every person. Moreover, each form has a negative counterpart.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| The auxiliary verbs are:
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| * wĩňid, ''to be'' | | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
| * mid, ''to go''
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| Conjugation of irregular forms of wĩňid:
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
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| {| class="wikitable"
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| | || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center>
| | |
| |-
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
| | |
| |-
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wẽv</center> || <center>wĩvs</center> || <center>jẽv</center> || <center>jĩvs</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wẽr</center> || <center>wĩrs</center> || <center>jẽr</center> || <center>jĩrs</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wẽh</center> || <center>wĩs</center> || <center>jẽh</center> || <center>jĩs</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wẽnõ</center> || <center>wĩns</center> || <center>jẽnõ</center> || <center>jĩns</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wẽrõ</center> || <center>wĩrõs</center> || <center>jẽrõ</center> || <center>jĩrõs</center>
| |
| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wẽžõ</center> || <center>wĩžõs</center> || <center>jẽžõ</center> || <center>jĩžõs</center>
| |
| |}
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| {| class="wikitable"
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>subjunctive</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
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| | style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wũšev</center> || <center>wũšĩvs</center> || <center>jũšev</center> || <center>jũšĩvs</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wũšr</center> || <center>wũšris</center> || <center>jũšr</center> || <center>jũšris</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wũš</center> || <center>wũšis</center> || <center>jũš</center> || <center>jũšis</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wũšõ</center> || <center>wũšũs</center> || <center>jũšõ</center> || <center>jũšũs</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wũšrõ</center> || <center>wũšrũs</center> || <center>jũšrõ</center> || <center>jũšrũs</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wũžõ</center> || <center>wũžũs</center> || <center>jũžõ</center> || <center>jũžũs</center>
| |
| |}
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| {| class="wikitable" | | {|- |
| |- | |
| | || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wĩšev</center> || <center>wĩšĩvs</center> || <center>jĩšev</center> || <center>jĩšĩvs</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wĩšr</center> || <center>wĩšris</center> || <center>jĩšr</center> || <center>jĩšris</center>
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| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>wĩh</center> || <center>wĩš</center> || <center>jĩh</center> || <center>jĩš</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wĩšõ</center> || <center>wĩšũs</center> || <center>jĩšõ</center> || <center>jĩšũs</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wĩšrõ</center> || <center>wĩšrũs</center> || <center>jĩšrõ</center> || <center>jĩšrũs</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>wĩžõ</center> || <center>wĩžũs</center> || <center>jĩžõ</center> || <center>jĩžũs</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |} | |
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| Conjugation of irregular forms of mid:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mjov</center> || <center>mjuvs</center> || <center>imjov</center> || <center>imjuvs</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mjer</center> || <center>mjirs</center> || <center>imir</center> || <center>imirs</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>mješ</center> || <center>mjiš</center> || <center>imeš</center> || <center>imiš</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mjõ</center> || <center>mjũs</center> || <center>imjõ</center> || <center>imjũs</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |- | |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mjerõ</center> || <center>mjirũs</center> || <center>imirõ</center> || <center>imirũs</center> | |
| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>mježõ</center> || <center>mjižũs</center> || <center>imižõ</center> || <center>imižũs</center>
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| |} | | |} |
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| The modal verbs are: | | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| * fĩšid, ''to can'', ''to be able''
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| * nužid, ''to want''
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| * juřid, ''to must'', ''to have to''
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| Conjugation of irregular forms of fĩšid:
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
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| {| class="wikitable"
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center>
| |
| |-
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| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
| |
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fẽšəv</center> || <center>fĩšivs</center> || <center>afẽšəv</center> || <center>afĩšivs</center>
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fẽšr</center> || <center>fĩšĩrs</center> || <center>afẽšr</center> || <center>afĩšĩrs</center>
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fẽs</center> || <center>fĩš</center> || <center>afẽs</center> || <center>afĩš</center>
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fẽšõ</center> || <center>fĩšũs</center> || <center>afẽšõ</center> || <center>afĩšũs</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fẽšrõ</center> || <center>fĩšĩrũs</center> || <center>afẽšrõ</center> || <center>afĩšĩrũs</center>
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fẽžõ</center> || <center>fĩžũs</center> || <center>afẽžõ</center> || <center>afĩžũs</center>
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| |}
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| {| class="wikitable"
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| |-
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>subjunctive</small>''</center>
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| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>present</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>imperfect</small>''</center>
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| |-
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| | style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>positive</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>negative</small>''</center>
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fũšəv</center> || <center>fũšivs</center> || <center>afũšəv</center> || <center>afũšivs</center>
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fũšr</center> || <center>fũšĩrs</center> || <center>afũšr</center> || <center>afũšĩrs</center>
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>fũs</center> || <center>fũšis</center> || <center>afũs</center> || <center>afũšis</center>
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fũšõ</center> || <center>fũšũs</center> || <center>afũšõ</center> || <center>afũšũs</center>
| |
| |-
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fũšrõ</center> || <center>fũšĩrũs</center> || <center>afũšrõ</center> || <center>afũšĩrũs</center>
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| |-
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>fũžõ</center> || <center>fũžũs</center> || <center>afũžõ</center> || <center>afũžũs</center>
| |
| |}
| |
Interrogative pronouns
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
- quality: ṫjejm-
- quantity: sjowp-
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
|
who? / what? |
how much? / how many?
|
|
singular |
plural |
singular |
plural
|
| ergative |
ṫjejmek̇ə |
ṫjejmejk̇ə |
sjowpek̇ə |
sjowpejk̇ə
|
| absolutive |
ṫjejme |
ṫjejmej |
sjowpe |
sjowpej
|
| possessive |
ṫjejmeṗu |
ṫjejmejṗu |
sjowpeṗu |
sjowpejṗu
|
| terminative |
ṫjejmeʈu |
ṫjejmejʈu |
sjowpeʈu |
sjowpejʈu
|
| ablative |
ṫjejmeʡo |
ṫjejmejʡo |
sjowpeʡo |
sjowpejʡo
|
| causative |
ṫjejmeno |
ṫjejmejno |
sjowpeno |
sjowpejno
|
| benefactive |
ṫjejmepə |
ṫjejmejpə |
sjowpepə |
sjowpejpə
|
| instrumental |
ṫjejmema |
ṫjejmejma |
sjowpema |
sjowpejma
|
| locative |
ṫjejmewa |
ṫjejmejwa |
sjowpewa |
sjowpejwa
|
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
- ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
- ṫjejmeno : why (cause)
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
- ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
