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| ==Verbs== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| The verbal system of moder Figo language is based on the combined use of a participial form with an auxiliary or modal verb, in order to build the different verbal tenses or moods. Only the auxiliary and modal verbs have a proper conjugation, while every other verb is conjugated through its participial forms.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| The verbal system displays the following features:
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
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| *'''tense''': present, imperfect, past, pluperfect, future, anterior future, future in the past
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| *'''mood''': indicative, subjunctive, conditional
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| *'''participle''': active, passive
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| *'''diathesis''': active, passive
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| There is, moreover, an additional extratemporal and extramodal form, known as ''resultative'', built with a special ''resultative participle''.
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
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| Only in the indicative mood verbs can express all tenses. In other moods only a part of the tenses are expressed.
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
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| The citation form of verbs is the present active participle, marked by the ending -jid. As much as the verbal root can be usually inferred from this form, this is not always possible. The verbal root usually has a '''CVCVC''' structure.
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
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| The verb agrees with the clause subject in person and expresses two numbers, ''singular'' and ''plural''.
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
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| ===Participles===
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| There are three participial forms, the ''active participle'', the ''passive participle'', and the ''resultative participle''. Only the passive participle can be additionally used with an adjectival function, while the active and the resultative participle are used only in the verbal conjugation
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| | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| The active participle and the passive participle have a ''present'' form and a ''past'' form, being the latter usually derived from the former. Past participle are thus formed in different ways:
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| | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| * Most disyllabic verbal roots derive their past root from the present one through an introflexive process of vowel switching:
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| | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''C → CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''C
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| * A limited subgroup of disyllabic roots adds the prefix a-, as well as the vowel switching. By adding this prefix, irregularities may arise.
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| CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''C → '''a'''CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''C
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| :In some dialectal forms, the prefix e- can be found in the past root of some verbs. This forms are regarded as obsolete in most dialects and in the standard language. It originates from the metaphonic effect on the original prefix, which has been restored to its original form since long by analogy. | |
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| * Multisyllabic verbal roots are usually formed through morphological derivation by adding prefixes or suffixes or both of them. These morphological affixes are usually not involved in the switching process. The vowel involved are those belonging to the original disyllabic root.
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| CV'''<sub>3</sub>'''CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''C → CV'''<sub>3</sub>'''CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''C
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| CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''CV'''<sub>3</sub>'''C → CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''CV'''<sub>3</sub>'''C
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| CV'''<sub>3</sub>'''CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''CV'''<sub>4</sub>'''C → CV'''<sub>3</sub>'''CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''CV'''<sub>4</sub>'''C
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| * A significant part of multisyllabic and also disyllabic verbs derive their past root from the present one by adding the suffix -aɣ-.
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| CV'''<sub>3</sub>'''CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''C → CV'''<sub>3</sub>'''CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''C'''aɣ'''
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| * Monosyllabic verbal roots and the modal verbs are usually regarded as irregular and they can took on each one of the previous strategies.
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| The participle endings are:
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| *''active participle'': -jid (<small>pl. -jidũ</small>)
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| *''passive participle'': -ug (<small>pl. -uɣĩ</small>)
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| *''resultative participle'': -aža
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| The -jid ending often causes palatalization of the preceding consonants, being shortened to -id:
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| fin- + -jid → fiňid
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| <small>to come</small>
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| This ending may cause, when added to the root, several vowel irregularities. Thus, it is often difficult to recognize the past root from the citation form, and, consequently, in dictionaries the past form is always cited together with the present verbal root.
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| šwodiǧid (šeduǧid, šwodeɣ-)
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| <small>''to govern''</small>
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| Moreover, the suffix -aɣ always changes when the ending -jid is added:
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| -aɣ- + -jid → -eǧid
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| This vowel irregularites are due to the ''metaphony'' process, which causes the following effects on the vowels preceding the ending:
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| * a → e / ji, ã → ẽ / jĩ
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| * e → i, ẽ → ĩ
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| * o → u, õ → ũ
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| * wo → u, wõ → ũ
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| This process, conversely, does not affect neologisms and modern loanwords.
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| The passive participle ending, -ug-, does not noticeably affect the root and it usually does not cause peculiar irregularities.
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| Both participial forms always agree with the clause subject in number, when used in the verbal conjugation.
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| The resultative participle ending, -aža-, does not noticeably affect the root and it usually does not cause peculiar irregularities. It is generally added to the past form of the verbal root, resulting often in from which are substantially different from the citation form. It lacks different temporal forms, being thus deemed as an indeclinable form.
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| Example of a verb with many irregularities, fušid, ''to put, to place'':
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| | || colspan="4"| <center>''<small>root</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
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| | ''<small>present</small>'' || colspan="4"| <center>fwos-</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
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| | ''<small>past</small>'' || colspan="4"| <center>abwos-</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
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| | || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>active</small>''</center> || colspan="2"| <center>''<small>passive</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
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| | style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>singular</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>plural</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>singular</small>''</center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center>''<small>plural</small>''</center>
| | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
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| | ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>fušid</center> || <center>fušidũ</center> || <center>fwosug</center> || <center>fwosuɣĩ</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
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| | ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>abušid</center> || <center>abušidũ</center> || <center>abwosug</center> || <center>abwosuɣĩ</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
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| | ''<small>resultative</small>'' || colspan="4"| <center>abwosaža</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
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| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
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| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
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| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
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| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
Interrogative pronouns
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
- quality: ṫjejm-
- quantity: sjowp-
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
|
who? / what? |
how much? / how many?
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singular |
plural |
singular |
plural
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| ergative |
ṫjejmek̇ə |
ṫjejmejk̇ə |
sjowpek̇ə |
sjowpejk̇ə
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| absolutive |
ṫjejme |
ṫjejmej |
sjowpe |
sjowpej
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| possessive |
ṫjejmeṗu |
ṫjejmejṗu |
sjowpeṗu |
sjowpejṗu
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| terminative |
ṫjejmeʈu |
ṫjejmejʈu |
sjowpeʈu |
sjowpejʈu
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| ablative |
ṫjejmeʡo |
ṫjejmejʡo |
sjowpeʡo |
sjowpejʡo
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| causative |
ṫjejmeno |
ṫjejmejno |
sjowpeno |
sjowpejno
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| benefactive |
ṫjejmepə |
ṫjejmejpə |
sjowpepə |
sjowpejpə
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| instrumental |
ṫjejmema |
ṫjejmejma |
sjowpema |
sjowpejma
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| locative |
ṫjejmewa |
ṫjejmejwa |
sjowpewa |
sjowpejwa
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The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
- ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
- ṫjejmeno : why (cause)
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
- ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
