User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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==Verbs==
===Interrogative pronouns===
The verbal system of Læntixu language displays the following features:
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


*'''tense''':
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
**''simple tenses'': present
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''
**''compound tenses'': present continuous, past, past continuous, pluperfect, future, anterior future
*'''mood''':
**''definite moods'': indicative, subjunctive, conditional
**''indefinite moods'': infinitive, active participle, passive participle
*'''diathesis''': active, passive


Only in the indicative mood verbs can express all tenses. In other moods only a part of the tenses are expressed.
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.


The citation form of verbs is the present infinitive, marked by the ending -æm‘. From such form the present verbal root can be inferred and can be changed in every other verbal form.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>


Each verb has two roots, the ''present root'' ('''R<sub>pres</sub>''') and the ''past root'' ('''R<sub>past</sub>'''). The base form is the present root, while the past root is usually derived fromt he present one. Based on the different derivation processes, verbs are divided in two classes: '''strong verbs''' and '''weak verbs''':
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.


* '''Strong verbs''', mostly with a '''CVCVC-''' structure, derive their past root from the present one through an introflexive process of vowel switching:
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 


CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''C → CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''C
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


:Example:
{|-
'''R<sub>pres</sub>''' = toθir- → '''R<sub>past</sub>''' = tiθor-
|-
 
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
:This process usually gives rise to irregular root forms.
|-
 
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>  
'''R<sub>pres</sub>''' = ʎiloɸ- → '''R<sub>past</sub>''' = loʎiɸ-
|-
 
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
:In disyllabic verbal root, all vowels are involved in the switching process.
|-
 
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
:However, multisyllabic verbal roots can be formed through morphological derivation by adding prefixes or suffixes or both of them. These morphological affixes are usually not involved in the switching process. The vowel involved are those belonging to the original disyllabic root:
|-
 
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
'''R<sub>pres</sub>''' = roʎiloɸ- → '''R<sub>past</sub>''' = roloʎiɸ-
 
'''R<sub>pres</sub>''' = menosɛx- → '''R<sub>past</sub>''' = monesɛx-
 
'''R<sub>pres</sub>''' = hæcæžɛbowr- → '''R<sub>past</sub>''' = hæcɛgæbowr-
 
* '''Weak verbs''', displaying any possible syllabic structure, derive their past root from the present one by adding the suffix -ix:
 
CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''C → CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''C'''ix'''
 
:Example:
'''R<sub>pres</sub>''' = ulixox- → '''R<sub>past</sub>''' = ulixoxix-
 
:This process usually does not give rise to irregular root forms.
 
* Monosyllabic verbal roots are usually regarded as weak verbs. There are, however, an extremely few monosyllabic strong verbs, which lack a distinct past root.
 
In simple tenses the following personal endings are added to the verbal root. In this way, verbs show their agreement with the clause subject in person and number:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 70px;"| <center>-of</center>
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2" | <center>-æh</center>
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-onof</center>
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2" | <center>-onæh</center>
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


The second and the third person share the same ending in both numbers. Thus the subject pronouns is usually expressed in the second person, to avoid ambiguity. The third person pronoun is, conversely, usually not expressed and left implied:
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
æpjixu kinusæh
<small>you sing</small>
 
(æstu) kinusæh
<small>he/she sings</small>
 
Compound tenses are usually formed through an auxiliary verb (tòram, ''to have'', or kiɣam, ''to come'') with the forms of the participles or the infinitive. The different moods are formed by adding the following infixes to the verbal root, before the personal endings:
 
*''indicative'': Ø
*''subjunctive'': -in-
*''conditional'': -as-
 
The non-finite verbal forms are meant as nominal/adjectival forms of the same verbs. They do not add the personal endings, but they are declined as nouns or adjectives with the nominal declension endings.


As verbal forms can, however, take the augment. They can also add the modal infixes before their typical endings.
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


The non-finite endings are:
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:  
*''infinitive'': -am
*''agentive participle'': -íðə
*''passive participle'': -uɣi


The infinitival form is meant as a 2<sup>nd</sup> class noun.
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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