User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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==Verbs==
===Interrogative pronouns===
The verbal system of Læntixu language displays the following features:
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


*'''tense''':
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
**''simple tenses'': present
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''
**''compound tenses'': present continuous, past, past continuous, pluperfect, future, anterior future
*'''mood''':
**''definite moods'': indicative, subjunctive, conditional
**''indefinite moods'': infinitive, active participle, passive participle
*'''diathesis''': active, passive


Only in the indicative mood verbs can express all tenses. In other moods only a part of the tenses are expressed.
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.


The citation form of verbs is the present infinitive, marked by the ending -æm‘. From such form the present verbal root can be inferred and can be changed in every other verbal form.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>


Each verb has two roots, the ''present root'' ('''R<sub>pres</sub>''') and the ''past root'' ('''R<sub>past</sub>'''). The base form is the present root, while the past root is usually derived fromt he present one. Based on the different derivation processes, verbs are divided in two classes: '''strong verbs''' and '''weak verbs''':
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.


* '''Strong verbs''', with a '''CVCVC-''' structure, derive their past root from the present one through an introflexive process of vowel switching:
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 


CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''C → CV'''<sub>2</sub>'''CV'''<sub>1</sub>'''C
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


:Example:
{|-
'''R<sub>pres</sub>''' = toθir- → '''R<sub>past</sub>''' = tiθor-
|-
 
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
 
|-
 
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
Questo processo porta spesso a irregolarità radicali:
|-
 
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
Rpres = ʎiloɸ- → Rpass = loʎiɸ-
|-
 
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
Nel caso di radici verbali di forma bisillabica, le vocali sottoposte al processo di scambio sono quelle presenti nella radice.
|-
 
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
Possono essere presenti, tuttavia, radici verbali trisillabiche o plurisillabiche. In questo caso le vocali sottoposte al processo di scambio vocalico sono quelle appartenenti alla radice bisillabica originale. Queste radici plurisillabiche sono in generale derivate morfologicamente tramite l’aggiunta di prefissi o di suffissi, i quali non vanno a partecipare allo scambio vocalico
 
Rpres = roʎiloɸ- → Rpass = roloʎiɸ-
Rpres = menosɛx- → Rpass = monesɛx-
Rpres = hæcæžɛbowr- → Rpass = hæcɛgæbowr-
 
• I verbi deboli, i quali possono avere qualsiasi tipo di struttura sillabica, aggiungono invece il suffisso -ix:
 
CV1CV2C → CV1CV2Cix
 
Ad esempio:
 
Rpres = ulixox- → Rpass = ulixoxix-
 
Questo processo solitamente non produce forme irregolari.
 
• Particolare è il trattamente delle radici verbali monosillabiche, che vengono generalmente trattate come verbi deboli, ma non mancano esempi di forme forti, che difettano quindi di una radice passata distinta.
 
In simple tenses the following personal endings are added to the verbal root. In this way, verbs show their agreement with the clause subject in person and number:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 70px;"| <center>-of</center>
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || rowspan="2" | <center>-æh</center>
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>''
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-onof</center>
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || rowspan="2" | <center>-onæh</center>
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>''
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


Compound tenses are usually formed through an auxiliary verb (tòram, ''to have'', or kiɣam, ''to come'') with the forms of the participles or the infinitive. The different moods are formed by adding the following infixes to the verbal root, before the personal endings:
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
*''indicative'': Ø
*''subjunctive'': -in-
*''conditional'': -as-
 
The non-finite verbal forms are meant as nominal/adjectival forms of the same verbs. They do not add the personal endings, but they are declined as nouns or adjectives with the nominal declension endings.


As verbal forms can, however, take the augment. They can also add the modal infixes before their typical endings.
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


The non-finite endings are:
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:  
*''infinitive'': -am
*''agentive participle'': -íðə
*''passive participle'': -uɣi


The infinitival form is meant as a 2<sup>nd</sup> class noun.
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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