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| ==Verbs== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| The main distinction made in the verbal system of Proto-Piti language is based on the fundamental dichotomy between '''imperfective''' aspect and '''perfective''' aspect. This distinction is conveyed by two different verbal roots, with a '''''CVCVC''''' structure, for every verbal meaning, the ''imperfective root'' ('''R<sub>imp</sub>''') and the ''perfective root'' ('''R<sub>prf</sub>''').
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
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| The basic form is generally the imperfective root. The perfective root is usually derived from the imperfective one through an introflexive process of vowel switching:
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
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| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
| '''CV<sub>1</sub>CV<sub>2</sub>C''' → '''CV<sub>2</sub>CV<sub>1</sub>C'''
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| Example:
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = '''ŋaŋok-''' → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = '''ŋoŋak-''' | | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
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| There is a limited amount of verbal roots with a '''''CVC''''' structure, called ''monosyllabic roots''. These roots do not have a perfective counterpart, not displaying, thus, the usual introflexive process of vowel switching.
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = '''tʰaːŋ-''' | | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
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| These roots display thus only one aspect, usually the ''imperfective''.
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
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| Another distinction, newer than the aspectual distinction, is made, on a temporal level, between a non-past tense, generally called “''present''”, and a past tense, by means of the prefix '''ʔa-''', known as ''augment'', which conveys the past tense, while non-past actions are marked by its absence.
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = '''ŋaŋok-''' → '''R<sub>imp-past</sub>''' = '''ʔaŋaŋok-'''
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = '''tʰaːŋ-''' → '''R<sub>imp-past</sub>''' = '''ʔatʰaːŋ-'''
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| The following modal infixes can be added to every verbal root:
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| *''indicative'': '''Ø'''
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| *''subjunctive'': '''-iɳ-'''
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| *''optative'': '''-oṕ-'''
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| *''potential'': '''-æʈ-'''
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| As they infer a modal value to the root, without altering the aspectual information, these infixes are not involved in the vowel switching process.
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| In the archaic period, the verb is not declined for person or bumber, and the original personal pronoun are mandatorily used to convey the first and the second person. Since the word order is initially VSO, these pronouns are placed right after the verbal form. They are then cliticized to the verb, turning into actual personal endings. In an earlier stage, these endings convey only the first two persons, without distinguishing any number.
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| {|-
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| | colspan="2" | ''Personal morphemes''
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| | style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup>''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"| '''-oɬ'''
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| | <center><small>''2<sup>st</sup>''</small></center> || '''-er'''
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| |}
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| Riguardo la terza persona si trovano due possibili marcature: -æt́, derivato dalla radice pronominale dimostrativa e -Ø, cioè nessuna marcatura. Questa dicotomia è dovuta al fatto che originariamente, in presenza del soggetto, non era necessario esprimere né utilizzare alcun pronome. L’uso delle desinenze rimane poco chiaro e le lingue discendenti dimostrano una netta divergenza nel loro sviluppo.
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| La marcatura del numero, comparsa sempre in fase unitaria ma presumibilmente tarda, è sostanzialmente libera e instabile. In modo simile alla marcatura del numero nelle radici nominali, i morfemi di plurale e duale possono posizionarsi prima o dopo delle desinenze personali.
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| {|- | | {|- |
| | colspan="2" | ''Numeral morphemes''
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| | style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"| '''-''' | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
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| | <center><small>''plural''</small></center> || '''-on''' | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
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| | <center><small>''dual''</small></center> || '''-iʔ''' | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |} | |
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| Lo schema delle desinenze personali in fase unitaria tarda si configura dunque così:
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| 1° sing. -oɬ
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| 2° sing. -er
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| 3° sing. -æt́
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| 1° dual. -iʔoɬ -oɬiʔ
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| 2° dual. -iʔer -eriʔ
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| 3° dual. -iʔæt́ -æt́iʔ
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| -iʔ
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| 1° plur. -onoɬ -oɬon
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| 2° plur. -oner -eron
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| 3° plur. -onæt́ -æt́on
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| -on
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| Queste desinenze vanno ad aggiungersi dopo eventuali desinenze modali. Essendo derivate da forme pronominali o numerali indipendenti e in seguito cliticizzate, queste desinenze non possono prendere parte al processo di scambio vocalico.
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| Esistono inoltre altre desinenze che creano forme non verbali, tra cui due forme di tipo nominale, l’infinito1 e l’infinito2 e due forme di tipo participiale-aggettivale, il participio attivo e il participio passivo. Si possono legare ad entrambe le radici per esprimere il valore aspettuale e prendere l’aumento per esprimere il valore temporale.
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| There are three verbal moods and three non-finite forms:
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| * ''Moods'': indicative, subjunctive, conditional
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| * ''Non-finite'': infinitive, agentive participle, passive participle
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| The citation form of verbs is the present imperfective infinitive, marked by the ending -ɑme, added to the imperfective root in its present form. From such form the imperfective root can be inferred and can be changed in its perfective equivalent.
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| However, multisyllabic verbal roots can be formed through morphological derivation by adding prefixes or suffixes or both of them. These morphological affixes are usually not involved in the switching process. The vowel involved are those belonging to the original disyllabic root:
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = gū́nḗɣow- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = gū́noɣḗw-
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = hā́kisok- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = hikā́sok-
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| '''R<sub>imp</sub>''' = hɑtsɑgewṓr- → '''R<sub>prf</sub>''' = hɑtsegɑwṓr-
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| The following personal endings are then added to the various aspectual and temporal forms. In this way, verbs show their agreement with the clause subject in person and number:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || style="width: 70px;"| <center>-ow</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-er</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
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| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-ɑt</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
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| | <center>-</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
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| | style="width: 70px;"| ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || style="width: 70px;"| <center>-onow</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-oner</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
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| | rowspan="2" | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-onɑt</center> | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
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| | <center>-on</center> | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
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| The non-finite verbal forms are meant as nominal/adjectival forms of the same verbs. They do not add the personal endings, but they are declined as nouns or adjectives with the nominal declension endings. | | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
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| As verbal forms can, however, be formed on both roots and add the past prefix. They can also add the modal infixes before their typical endings.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
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| The non-finite endings are:
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| *''infinitive'': -ɑme
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| *''agentive participle'': -ī́to
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| *''passive participle'': -uki
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| The infinitival form is meant as a 2<sup>nd</sup> class noun.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
Interrogative pronouns
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
- quality: ṫjejm-
- quantity: sjowp-
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
|
who? / what? |
how much? / how many?
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singular |
plural |
singular |
plural
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| ergative |
ṫjejmek̇ə |
ṫjejmejk̇ə |
sjowpek̇ə |
sjowpejk̇ə
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| absolutive |
ṫjejme |
ṫjejmej |
sjowpe |
sjowpej
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| possessive |
ṫjejmeṗu |
ṫjejmejṗu |
sjowpeṗu |
sjowpejṗu
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| terminative |
ṫjejmeʈu |
ṫjejmejʈu |
sjowpeʈu |
sjowpejʈu
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| ablative |
ṫjejmeʡo |
ṫjejmejʡo |
sjowpeʡo |
sjowpejʡo
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| causative |
ṫjejmeno |
ṫjejmejno |
sjowpeno |
sjowpejno
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| benefactive |
ṫjejmepə |
ṫjejmejpə |
sjowpepə |
sjowpejpə
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| instrumental |
ṫjejmema |
ṫjejmejma |
sjowpema |
sjowpejma
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| locative |
ṫjejmewa |
ṫjejmejwa |
sjowpewa |
sjowpejwa
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The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
- ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
- ṫjejmeno : why (cause)
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
- ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
