User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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==Adjectives and pronouns==
===Interrogative pronouns===
Adjectives closely resemble the noun form, mostly ending in a vowel and showing the same exceptions of nouns. Pronouns may exhibit different forms in the root form, while similarly ending in a vowel.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
===Adjectives===
Attributive adjectives are always placed '''before''' the nouns they specify, while predicative adjectives are always placed ''after'' them.


kiibe tterni
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
<small>a young man</small>
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


tterni kiibe
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
<small>the man is young</small>


All adjectives agree in case and number with the noun they specify, being declined with the nominal endings.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>


In number agreement, adjectives select the plural ending according to the semantical distinction between animate and inanimate of the nouns they specify. In some texts, conversely, adjectives firmly select the inanimate endings, even when specifying an animate noun.
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
kiibeže tterniže
<small>the young men</small>


  kiibehii tterniže
  '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
  <small>the young men</small>
  <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small>


====Declension of qualifying adjectives====
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
Examples: kiibe, ''young'', and sampo, ''new'', with a semantically animate noun with a front leading vowel, llærme, ''father'', and a semantically inanimate noun with a back leading vowel, kooto, ''house''.


{|-
{|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>kiibe llærme</center>
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 170px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 170px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || kiibe llærme || kiibeže llærmeže
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
|-
| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || kiibene llærmene || kiibežene llærmežene
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || kiiberræ llærmerræ || kiibežerræ llærmežerræ
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || kiibehee llærmehee || kiibežehee llærmežehee
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || kiibe llærmeśi || kiibeže llærmežeśi
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || kiibe llærmeddee || kiibeže llærmežeddee
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || kiibe llærmemi || kiibeže llærmežemi
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''allative''</small></center> || kiibe llærmeme || kiibeže llærmežeme
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''delative''</small></center> || kiibe llærmemæ || kiibeže llærmežemæ
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || kiibe llærmegæ || kiibeže llærmežegæ
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || kiibe llærmebbii || kiibeže llærmežebbii
|-
| <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || kiibe llærmejje || kiibeže llærmežejje
|-
| <center><small>''essive''</small></center> || kiibe llærmewææ || kiibeže llærmežewææ
|-
| <center><small>''comparative''</small></center> || kiibe llærmehhæ || kiibeže llærmežehhæ
|-
| <center><small>''contrastive''</small></center> || kiibe llærmekkæ || kiibeže llærmežekkæ
|-
| <center><small>''partitive''</small></center> || kiibe llærmeppii || kiibeže llærmežeppii
|-
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


{|-
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
| || colspan="2" | <center>sampo kooto</center>
 
|-
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 170px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 170px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
|-
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)
| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || sampo kooto || sampohuu kootohuu
 
|-
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || sampono kootono || sampohuuno kootohuuno
 
|-
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || samporra kootorra || sampohuurra kootohuurra
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)
|-
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || sampohoo kootohoo || sampohuuhoo kootohuuhoo
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || sampośu kootośu || sampohuuśu kootohuuśu
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || sampoddoo kootoddoo || sampohuuddoo kootohuuddoo
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || sampomu kootomu || sampohuumu kootohuumu
|-
| <center><small>''allative''</small></center> || sampomo kootomo || sampohuumo kootohuumo
|-
| <center><small>''delative''</small></center> || sampoma kootoma || sampohuuma kootohuuma
|-
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || sampoga kootoga || sampohuuga kootohuuga
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || sampobbuu kootobbuu || sampohuubbuu kootohuubbuu
|-
| <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || sampojjo kootojjo || sampohuujjo kootohuujjo
|-
| <center><small>''essive''</small></center> || sampowaa kootowaa || sampohuuwaa kootohuuwaa
|-
| <center><small>''comparative''</small></center> || sampohha kootohha || sampohuuhha kootohuuhha
|-
| <center><small>''contrastive''</small></center> || sampokka kootokka || sampohuukka kootohuukka
|-
| <center><small>''partitive''</small></center> || sampoppuu kootoppuu || sampohuuppuu kootohuuppuu
|-
|}

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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