User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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==Adjectives and pronouns==
===Interrogative pronouns===
Adjectives closely resemble the noun form, while usually differing in their last vowel. Pronouns, instead, may exhibit different forms in the root form.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
===Adjectives===
Attributive adjectives are always placed '''before''' the nouns they specify, while predicative adjectives are always placed ''after'' them or before the verb.


symi hene
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
<small>(the) young man</small>
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


hene symi imüg
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
<small>(the) man is young</small>


All adjectives agree in case and number with the noun they specify, being declined with the nominal endings. They thus display a complete declension set, not belonging inherently to one of the two classes.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>


symiħ heneħ nuβi döme ta čoʂima dömšäma weħüg
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
<small>the young man’s new house is located in the nearby village</small>


====Declension of qualifying adjectives====
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
Adjectival declension follow the same rules as the nominal declension, with the same exceptions.  
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 


Adjectives are declined for number by changing the last vowel of the noun root. The general vowel changes are:
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 80px;"| <center>i → y</center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| <center>y → ü</center>
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>  
|}
|-
 
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
Other vowels usually display the same changes as the nominal declension, or they are deemed as irregular and thus shown in the vocabulary.
 
All adjectives agree in case and number with the noun they specify, being declined with the nominal endings. They thus display a complete declension set, not belonging inherently to one of the two classes.
 
Examples: symi, ''young'', and nuβi, ''new'', with a class I noun, rome, ''father'', and a class II noun, döme, ''house''.
 
{|-
|-
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center><small>''symi rome''</small></center>
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 140px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || symik romek || symyk romik
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || symi rome || symy romi
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || symiħ romeħ || symyħ romiħ
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || symiɕ romeɕ || symyɕ romiɕ
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || symin romen || symyn romin
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || symima romema || symyma romima
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


{|-
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
|-
 
| || colspan="2" | <center><small>''symi rome''</small></center>
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
|-
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 140px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 140px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)
|-
 
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || - || -
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
|-
 
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center>  || nuβi döme || nuβy dömi
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
|-
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center>  || nuβiħ dömeħ || nuβyħ dömiħ
|-
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || nuβiɕ dömeɕ || nuβyɕ dömiɕ
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center>  || nuβin dömen || nuβyn dömin
|-
| <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || nuβima dömema || nuβyma dömima
|}

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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