User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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==Adjectives and pronouns==
===Interrogative pronouns===
Adjectives closely resemble the noun form, usually showing the same exceptions of nouns. Pronouns, instead, may exhibit different forms in the root form.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
===Adjectives===
Attributive adjectives are always placed '''before''' the nouns they specify, while predicative adjectives are always placed ''after'' them of after the verb.


çōvā vīru
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
<small>the young man</small>
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


vīru çōvā
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
<small>the man is young</small>


All adjectives agree in case and number with the noun they specify, being declined with the nominal endings.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>


====Declension of qualifying adjectives====
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
Adjectival declension follow the same rules as the nominal declension, with the same exceptions.


Example: ṡūriw, ''big'', with sōgu, ''house''
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
{|-
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small>
|-
| || colspan="3" | <center>''attributive declension''</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 160px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 160px;"|<center><small>''dual''</small></center> || style="width: 160px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || ṡūriw sōgu || ṡūriwhiw sōguhiw || ṡūrü sōgū
|-
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || ṡūriwrɛ sōgurɛ || ṡūriwhiwrɛ sōguhiwrɛ || ṡūrürɛ sōgūrɛ
|-
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || ṡūriwxjɛ sōguxjɛ || ṡūriwhiwxjɛ sōguhiwxjɛ || ṡūrüxjɛ sōgūxjɛ
|}


In the colloquial speech and in informal texts, attributive adjectives display a set of simpler endings.
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| || colspan="3" | <center>''attributive declension''</center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 160px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 160px;"|<center><small>''dual''</small></center> || style="width: 160px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>  
|-
|-
| <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || ṡūriw sōgu || ṡūriwhiw sōguhiw || ṡūrü sōgū
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || ṡūriwr sōgurɛ || ṡūriwhiwr sōguhiwrɛ || ṡūrür sōgūrɛ
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || ṡūriwx sōguxjɛ || ṡūriwhiwx sōguhiwxjɛ || ṡūrüx sōgūxjɛ
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|}
|-
 
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
In some dialects, this set is even simpler, both losing the distinction between the genitive case and the dative case ending, which merge in the sole ending -r, and losing the distinction between plural and dual forms, which are conveyed by the plural forms alone.
 
{|-
|-
|-
| || colspan="3" | <center>''attributive declension''</center>
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 160px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 160px;"|<center><small>''dual''</small></center> || style="width: 160px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || ṡūriw sōgu || ṡūrü sōguhiw || ṡūrü sōgū
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || ṡūriwr sōgurɛ || ṡūrür sōguhiwrɛ || ṡūrür sōgūrɛ
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || ṡūriwr sōguxjɛ || ṡūrür sōguhiwxjɛ || ṡūrür sōgūxjɛ
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:


L’uso di queste forme è proscritto nel linguaggio formale e nei testi scritti di tipo ufficiale.
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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