User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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==Adjectives and pronouns==
===Interrogative pronouns===
Adjectives closely resemble the noun form, usually showing the same exceptions of nouns. Pronouns, instead, may exhibit different forms in the root form.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
===Adjectives===
Attributive adjectives are always placed '''before''' the nouns they specify, while predicative adjectives are always placed ''after'' them of after the verb.


çōvā vīru
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
<small>the young man</small>
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


vīru çōvā
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
<small>the man is young</small>


All adjectives agree in case and number with the noun they specify, being declined with the nominal endings.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>


====Declension of qualifying adjectives====
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
Adjectival declension follow the same rules as the nominal declension, with the same exceptions.
 
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 
 
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


Example: ṡūriw, ''big'', with sōgu, ''house''
{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| || colspan="3" | <center>''attributive declension''</center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>  
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 160px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 160px;"|<center><small>''dual''</small></center> || style="width: 160px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || ṡūriw sōgu || ṡūriwhiw sōguhiw || ṡūrü sōgū
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || ṡūriwrɛ sōgurɛ || ṡūriwhiwrɛ sōguhiwrɛ || ṡūrürɛ sōgūrɛ
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || ṡūriwxjɛ sōguxjɛ || ṡūriwhiwxjɛ sōguhiwxjɛ || ṡūrüxjɛ sōgūxjɛ
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|}
 
In the colloquial speech and in informal texts, attributive adjectives display a set of simpler endings.
 
{|-
|-
|-
| || colspan="3" | <center>''attributive declension''</center>
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 160px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 160px;"|<center><small>''dual''</small></center> || style="width: 160px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || ṡūriw sōgu || ṡūriwhiw sōguhiw || ṡūrü sōgū
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || ṡūriwr sōgurɛ || ṡūriwhiwr sōguhiwrɛ || ṡūrür sōgūrɛ
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || ṡūriwx sōguxjɛ || ṡūriwhiwx sōguhiwxjɛ || ṡūrüx sōgūxjɛ
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


In alcune forme dialettali la semplificazione è maggiore, in quanto -r è divenuta desinenza tipica sia del genitivo che del dativo, mentre le forme plurali si accordano anche con le forme del duale.
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:


L’uso di queste forme è proscritto nel linguaggio formale e nei testi scritti di tipo ufficiale.
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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