User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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==Tones==
===Interrogative pronouns===
All vowels clearly display a distinctive feature: the '''tone'''.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


ðɛ̄ - ðɛ́ - ðɛ̱́
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
<small>eagle - to say - to cultivate</small>
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


There are 18 possible tonal distinctions, that can be expressed on every single vowel. These distinctions arise from tone leves and falling or rising features among these leves.
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
The five distinguished tone leves are marked by a numeral sign:


*[V<sup><small>5</small></sup>], ''high level''
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
*[V<sup><small>4</small></sup>], ''high-mid level''
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  
*[V<sup><small>3</small></sup>], ''mid level''
*[V<sup><small>2</small></sup>], ''mid-low level''
*[V<sup><small>1</small></sup>], ''low level''


The high tone, the mid tone and the low tone are regarded as ''primary'' levels, while the high-mid level and the mid-low level are called ''middle'' levels.  
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.


Primary levels produce three tones, called ''linear'' (<small>as a graphic example of the tones, the vowel [a] is used</small>):
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small>


*[V<sup><small>55</small></sup>]: ā
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
*[V<sup><small>33</small></sup>]: a
*[V<sup><small>11</small></sup>]: a̱


Conversely, middle levels cannot produce any linear tones.
{|-
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}


Tones can be expressed by an alteration of the level value. This kind of tones is called ''uneven tones''. If the tone is altered towards an higher level, they are called ''rising tones'', while if the tone is altered towards a lower level, they are called ''falling tones'':  
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:


''Rising'' tones:
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


*[V<sup><small>35</small></sup>]: á
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:  
*[V<sup><small>25</small></sup>]: ā́
*[V<sup><small>14</small></sup>]: a̱̋
*[V<sup><small>13</small></sup>]: á̱


''Falling'' tones:
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
 
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)
*[V<sup><small>53</small></sup>]: ā̀
*[V<sup><small>52</small></sup>]: ā̏
*[V<sup><small>41</small></sup>]: ȁ̱
*[V<sup><small>31</small></sup>]: à
 
Another tonal distinction is expressed by two types of alterations in tone levels. This kind of tones is called ''spike tones''. If the spike is altered towards an higher level, they are called ''apex tones'', while if the spike is altered towards a lower level, they are called ''bottom tones'':  
 
''Apex'' tones:
 
*[V<sup><small>453</small></sup>]: ā̂
*[V<sup><small>354</small></sup>]: ā̃
*[V<sup><small>132</small></sup>]: â
*[V<sup><small>231</small></sup>]: â̱
 
''Bottom'' tones:
 
*[V<sup><small>534</small></sup>]: ǎ
*[V<sup><small>435</small></sup>]: ā̌
*[V<sup><small>312</small></sup>]: ã̱
*[V<sup><small>213</small></sup>]: ǎ̱
 
The incidence of every tone is not homogenous among the words. Some of the tones are considerably less widespread than others. Generally speaking, linear tones are the most widespread, while the uneven tones are the second commonest. Spike tones are the least widespread.

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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