User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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==Nouns==
===Interrogative pronouns===
The noun cluster is formed by a nominal root, carrying the main meaning, and by other noun-type forms, namely adjectival root, which specify this meaning or add other meanings to the main noun. Inside of a noun cluster, the nominal root can be replaced by a pronominal root.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


The noun usually closes the noun cluster, being preceded by every other specifying form. Thus, other elements conveying ''possession'' and ''belonging'' are always placed '''before''' the noun, as well as every attributive adjective.
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
'''ɬiːrora soːŋo'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''
<small>the man’s house</small>


'''oɬtuʂu/joʂu lilaː'''
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
<small>my hand</small>


  '''joːpaː ʔoːna '''
  '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
  <small>the young woman</small>
  <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  


The role of the noun cluster in the sentence is marked by case endings. In the earlier period, these endings mark only the last element of the noun cluster.
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
'''joːpaː ɬiːroli soːŋoχæ ʔimeːχ(æt́)'''
<small>the young man is going home</small>


Still in the pre-diasporic period, however, usage of these endings spread to specifying adjectival roots, most likely in order to avoid any ambiguity among the various noun clusters inside of a sentence. This results in the process called ''nominal agreement''. Other elements, which convey possession or belonging do not agree with the main nominal form.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
  <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small>
'''joːpaːli ɬiːroli soːŋoχæ ʔimeːχ(æt́)'''
  <small>the young man is going home</small>


Over time, the nominal agreement process spread to predicative adjectives, thus expanding case marking also inside the verbal group.
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


The agreement among nominal and adjectival is not a universal stable phenomenon. Non-qualifying adjectives do not display any king of agreement with their adjoining noun, either in case or in number.
{|-
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}


Number marking inside the noun cluster takes hold in a later period compared to case marking. Both nominal and adjectival roots agree in number, and both attributive and predicative adjectives agree in number with their adjoing noun. Other elements, which convey possession or belonging do not agree with the main nominal form in number.
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:


'''oɬtunora/oɬturano soːŋo'''
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
<small>our house</small>
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


'''oɬtuʂu/joʂu sopano'''
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
<small>our dogs</small>


'''joːpaːʔi ʔoːnaʔi'''
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
<small>the two young women</small>
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)
 
'''ʔoːnano joːpaːno ʔæɳ(æt́)on/ʔæɳon(æt́)'''
<small>the women are young</small>
 
The grammar role of noun clusters can be further specified by adverbial roots, which are placed after the cluster. The adverbial roots take on the role of ''postpositions''. Thus, it can be stated that the noun cluster can be closed by a postposition.
'''soːŋoχæ ʔuːm ʔimeːχoɬ'''
<small>I am going inside the house</small>

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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