User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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==Nouns==
===Interrogative pronouns===
The noun cluster is formed by a noun, carrying the main meaning, and by other noun-type forms, namely adjectives, which specify this meaning or add other meaning to the main noun. Inside of a noun cluster, the noun can be replaced by a pronoun.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


The noun usually introduces the noun cluster, being preceded by every other specifying form. Thus, other elements conveying ''possession'' and ''belonging'' are always placed '''after''' the noun, as well as every attributive adjective.
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
sōgo līrora
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''
<small>the man’s house</small>


liəlā oltəwra
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
<small>my hand</small>


  ʔōna jōpā
  '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
  <small>the young woman</small>
  <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  


Gli aggettivi di ruolo non qualificativo si comportano, invece, in maniera non perfettamente regolare riguardo la posizione che assumono nel gruppo del sostantivo. Gli aggettivi indefiniti, infatti, precedono quasi sistematicamente il sostantivo.
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.


  hēsəw līro
  '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
  <small>no man</small>
  <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small>


Anche gli aggettivi interrogativi tendono a precedere il sostantivo, pur se in maniera meno sistematica. Nelle frasi più complesse si nota, infatti, la tendenza a seguire il nome:
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


ʂəko sōgo?
{|-
<small>which house?</small>
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}


līloṕer sōgo fūkara ʂākor?
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
di quale persona vedi la casa?


Gli aggettivi determinativi, invece, dimostrano una variazione su scala diacronica. Nei testi del periodo arcaico questi vanno quasi sempre a precedere il sostantivo, mentre nei testi del periodo tardo si trovano quasi sistematicamente in posizione successiva al sostantivo.
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
niəhtəw sopa / sopa niəhtəw
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)
<small>this dog</small>


The role of the noun cluster in the sentence and its number are marked by case and number endings. These endings mark also other adjectival elements inside the noun cluster, resulting this in the process called ''nominal agreement''.
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:


Both ''attributive'' and ''predicative'' adjectives agree in case and number with the noun they specify. Particolare è l’accordo nominale degli aggettivi in funzione attributiva, i quali presentano una declinazione con desinenze diverse da quelle nominali. Other elements, which convey possession or belonging do not agree with the main nominal form.
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
 
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)
līloṕət́ līroliə jōpāl sōgo
<small>the young man sees the house</small>
 
sōgo oltəwrano
<small>our house</small>
 
ʔōnano jōpān
<small>the young women</small>
 
ʔəɳon ʔōnano jōpāno
<small>the women are young</small>
The agreement among nouns and adjectives is not a universal phenomenon. Indefinite adjectives, indeed, usually do not agree with the nominal form, neither in case nor in number.
 
The grammar role of noun clusters can be further specified by ''prepositions'', which are placed before the cluster. Thus, it can be stated that the noun cluster can be introduced by a preposition.
ʔiəmēhol kōl sōgoxə
<small>I am going home</small>

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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