User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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===Noun pluralization===
===Interrogative pronouns===
Nouns are declined for number according to two different models:
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
*'''Broken plural''' (or ''internal plural''):


In this process the noun builds its plural by switching its vowels in the root:
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


<small>sing.</small> tape̥ → <small>plur.</small> utpi̥
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
<small>father → fathers</small>


  <small>sing.</small> mu̥ha → <small>plur.</small> e̥mhu
  '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
  <small>father → fathers</small>
  <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  


This pluralization process is very widespread among original roots.  
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.


Since many basic nouns do not adhere to a define vowel switching pattern, their plural form is shown in the vocabulary.  
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 


This process is also used in many derivative patterns. Since these patterns are quite regular and predictive, their plural form is not shown in the vocabulary.
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
 
*'''Sound plural''' (or ''external plural''):
 
The last vowel is reduplicated and placed at the end of the word. If this vowel is long, its reduplicated form is shortened.
*''Vocalic class'': If the noun ends in a short vowel, this vowel is lenghtened. If the last vowel is long, this vowel undergoes breaking or diphthongization. The vowel ə does not undergo any change.
 
Examples:
<small>sing.</small> tɬʼīx → <small>plur.</small> tɬʼīxi
 
<small>sing.</small> gāβra → <small>plur.</small> gāβrā
 
<small>sing.</small> βā → <small>plur.</small> βwa
 
There is, however, a certain amount of irregularities and exceptions to these rules. For example:
<small>sing.</small> βūβ → <small>plur.</small> βujβ
 
===Noun declension===
Nouns are also declined in case by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun:


{|-
{|-
| || <center><small>consonantal<br>class</small></center> || <center><small>vocalic<br>class</small></center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"| - || -
|-
|-
| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || -ɴ / əɴ<sup><small>1</small></sup> || -ɴ
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| <center><small>''gen.-dat.''</small></center> || -uɟ || -ɟ
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || -iq || -q
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || -aʈ || -ʈ
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|}
 
<small><sup>1</sup> This ending display two possible forms. The latter is used after a nasal consonant, the former is used in every other case.</small>
 
Due to the pluralization process, nouns can shift from a class to the other one. In this case the proper endings to the new last phoneme are used.
 
Some examples are shown below: a consonantal class (in the singular) noun, tɬūβ, ''house'', and a vocalic class (in the singular) noun, mū, ''cow''.
{|-
|-
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>tɬūβ</center> || colspan="2" | <center>mū</center>
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || tɬūβ || tɬūβu || mū || muj
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || tɬūβɴ || tɬūβuɴ || mūɴ || mujɴ
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''gen.-dat.''</small></center> || tɬūβuɟ || tɬūβuɟ || mūɟ || mujuɟ
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || tɬūβiq || tɬūβuq || mūq || mujiq
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || tɬūβaʈ || tɬūβuʈ || mūʈ || mujaʈ
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


As it can be noticed, some endings in the oblique cases of the consonantal class can display the same vowel of the plural form of the noun. In these cases the nouns do not distinguish any different plural forms.
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)
 
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
 
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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