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| ===Noun pluralization=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| Nouns are declined for number with different models, depending on the class to which they belong:
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
| *''Consonantal class'': The last vowel is reduplicated and placed at the end of the word. If this vowel is long, the reduplicated form is shortened.
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| *''Vocalic class'': If the noun ends in a short vowel, this vowel is lenghtened. If the last vowel is long, this vowel undergoes breaking or diphthongization. The vowel ə does not undergo any change.
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| Examples:
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| <small>sing.</small> tɬʼīx → <small>plur.</small> tɬʼīxi
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
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| <small>sing.</small> gāβra → <small>plur.</small> gāβrā
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
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| <small>sing.</small> βā → <small>plur.</small> βwa | | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
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| There is, however, a certain amount of irregularities and exceptions to these rules. For example:
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| <small>sing.</small> βūβ → <small>plur.</small> βujβ
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| ===Noun declension===
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| As usual to an agglutinative language, Æbbro nouns display a set of number endings, which is clearly separated from the set of case endings. All endings are placed at the end of the nominal root, without undergoing any change (except for vowel armony). The sequence ''root + ending'' is thus easily recognizable:
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
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| retižewææ → reti - že - wææ
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| <small>''as people'' → ''person'' - plural - essive case</small>
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| The numeral endings are always placed before the case endings.
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| Nouns are declined in number by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun. Only in this case a semantical distinction between animate and inanimate nouns is made in the choice among the endings:
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| {|-
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| | colspan="2" | <center>''animate nouns''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''inanimate nouns''</center>
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| |-
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| | style="width: 70px;"|<center><small>''front vowel''</small></center> || style="width: 70px;"|<center><small>''back vowel''</small></center> || style="width: 70px;"|<center><small>''front vowel''</small></center> || style="width: 70px;"|<center><small>''back vowel''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | -že || -žo || -hii || -huu
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| |-
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| |}
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| Nouns are also declined in case by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun:
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| {|- | | {|- |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 70px;"|<center><small>''front vowel''</small></center> || style="width: 70px;"|<center><small>''back vowel''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || - || -
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| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || -ne || -no | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || -rræ || -rra | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || -hee || -hoo | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || -śi || -śu | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || -ddee || -ddoo | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || -mi || -mu | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''allative''</small></center> || -me || -mo | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''delative''</small></center> || -mæ || -ma | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || -gæ || -ga | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || -bbii || -bbuu | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |-
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| | <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || -jje || -jjo
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''essive''</small></center> || -wææ || -waa
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''comparative''</small></center> || -hhæ || -hha
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| | <center><small>''contrastive''</small></center> || -kkæ || -kka
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''partitive''</small></center> || -ppii || -ppuu
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| |- | | |- |
| | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
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| Some examples are shown below: a semantically animate noun with front leading vowel, llærme, ''father'', a semantically inanimate noun with back leading vowel, kooto, ''house''.
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
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| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
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| {|-
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>llærme</center> || colspan="2" | <center>kooto</center>
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| |-
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| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
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| | <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || llærme || llærmeže || kooto || kootožo
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || llærmene || llærmežene || kootono || kootožono
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || llærmerræ || llærmežerræ || kootorra || kootožorra
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || llærmehee || llærmežehee || kootohoo || kootožohoo
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || llærmeśi || llærmežeśi || kootośu || kootožośu
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || llærmeddee || llærmežeddee || kootoddoo || kootožoddoo
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || llærmemi || llærmežemi || kootomu || kootožomu
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''allative''</small></center> || llærmeme || llærmežeme || kootomo || kootožomo
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''delative''</small></center> || llærmemæ || llærmežemæ || kootoma || kootožoma
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || llærmegæ || llærmežegæ || kootoga || kootožoga
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || llærmebbii || llærmežebbii || kootobbuu || kootožobbuu
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || llærmejje || llærmežejje || kootojjo || kootožojjo
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''essive''</small></center> || llærmewææ || llærmežewææ || kootowaa || kootožowaa
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''comparative''</small></center> || llærmehhæ || llærmežehhæ || kootohha || kootožohha
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''contrastive''</small></center> || llærmekkæ || llærmežekkæ || kootokka || kootožokka
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| |-
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| | <center><small>''partitive''</small></center> || llærmeppii || llærmežeppii || kootoppuu || kootožoppuu
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| |-
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| |}
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| In some texts, especially in the later period, semantically inanimate nouns display no ending in the accusative case, like the nominative ending.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| tterni muuhahoo bbooda urrgamapuud
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| <small>the man gave water to the cow</small>
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Interrogative pronouns
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
- quality: ṫjejm-
- quantity: sjowp-
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
|
who? / what? |
how much? / how many?
|
|
singular |
plural |
singular |
plural
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| ergative |
ṫjejmek̇ə |
ṫjejmejk̇ə |
sjowpek̇ə |
sjowpejk̇ə
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| absolutive |
ṫjejme |
ṫjejmej |
sjowpe |
sjowpej
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| possessive |
ṫjejmeṗu |
ṫjejmejṗu |
sjowpeṗu |
sjowpejṗu
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| terminative |
ṫjejmeʈu |
ṫjejmejʈu |
sjowpeʈu |
sjowpejʈu
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| ablative |
ṫjejmeʡo |
ṫjejmejʡo |
sjowpeʡo |
sjowpejʡo
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| causative |
ṫjejmeno |
ṫjejmejno |
sjowpeno |
sjowpejno
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| benefactive |
ṫjejmepə |
ṫjejmejpə |
sjowpepə |
sjowpejpə
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| instrumental |
ṫjejmema |
ṫjejmejma |
sjowpema |
sjowpejma
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| locative |
ṫjejmewa |
ṫjejmejwa |
sjowpewa |
sjowpejwa
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The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
- ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
- ṫjejmeno : why (cause)
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
- ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
