User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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===Noun declension===
===Interrogative pronouns===
As usual to an agglutinative language, Æbbro nouns display a set of number endings, which is clearly separated from the set of case endings. All endings are placed at the end of the nominal root, without undergoing any change (except for vowel armony). The sequence ''root + ending'' is thus easily recognizable:
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


retižewææ → reti - že - wææ
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
<small>''as people'' → ''person'' - plural - essive case</small>
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


The numeral endings are always placed before the case endings.
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.


Nouns are declined in number by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun. Only in this case a semantical distinction between animate and inanimate nouns is made in the choice among the endings:
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>


{|-
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
| colspan="2" | <center>''animate nouns''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''inanimate nouns''</center>
 
|-
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
| style="width: 70px;"|<center><small>''front vowel''</small></center>  || style="width: 70px;"|<center><small>''back vowel''</small></center> || style="width: 70px;"|<center><small>''front vowel''</small></center> || style="width: 70px;"|<center><small>''back vowel''</small></center>
  <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small>
|-
| -že || -žo || -hii || -huu
|-
|}


Nouns are also declined in case by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun:
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


{|-
{|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 70px;"|<center><small>''front vowel''</small></center>  || style="width: 70px;"|<center><small>''back vowel''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || - || -
|-
| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || -ne || -no
|-
|-
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || -rræ || -rra
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || -hee || -hoo
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || -śi || -śu
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || -ddee || -ddoo
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || -mi || -mu
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''allative''</small></center> || -me || -mo
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''delative''</small></center> || -mæ || -ma
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || -gæ || -ga
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || -bbii || -bbuu
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || -jje || -jjo
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
| <center><small>''essive''</small></center> || -wææ || -waa
|-
| <center><small>''comparative''</small></center> || -hhæ || -hha
|-
| <center><small>''contrastive''</small></center> || -kkæ || -kka
|-
| <center><small>''partitive''</small></center> || -ppii || -ppuu
|-
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


Some examples are shown below: a semantically animate noun with front leading vowel, llærme, ''father'', a semantically inanimate noun with back leading vowel, kooto, ''house''.
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


{|-
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:  
| || colspan="2" | <center>llærme</center> || colspan="2" | <center>kooto</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 70px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 70px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 70px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 70px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || llærme || llærmeže || kooto || kootožo
|-
| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || -ne || -no
|-
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || -rræ || -rra
|-
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || -hee || -hoo
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || -śi || -śu
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || -ddee || -ddoo
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || -mi || -mu
|-
| <center><small>''allative''</small></center> || -me || -mo
|-
| <center><small>''delative''</small></center> || -mæ || -ma
|-
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || -gæ || -ga
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || -bbii || -bbuu
|-
| <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || -jje || -jjo
|-
| <center><small>''essive''</small></center> || -wææ || -waa
|-
| <center><small>''comparative''</small></center> || -hhæ || -hha
|-
| <center><small>''contrastive''</small></center> || -kkæ || -kka
|-
| <center><small>''partitive''</small></center> || -ppii || -ppuu
|-
|}


In some texts, especially in the later period, semantically inanimate nouns display no ending in the accusative case, like the nominative ending.
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
tterni muuhahoo bbooda urrgamapuud
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)
<small>the man gave water to the cow</small>

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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