|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| ===Noun declension=== | | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| As already mentioned, the word root has a '''''(C)VC''''' structure. When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
|
| |
|
| '''ṫiʡ-''' → '''ṫiʡ-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫiʡe'''
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| <small>''human'' → ''person, human''</small>
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| There is, however, a limited amount of exceptions, in which the root is not expanded by any suffix, by having a clear noun role.
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
|
| |
|
| Nouns do decline, according to their role in the sentence for '''case'''. They also distinguish two morphological numbers, '''singular''', and '''plural'''.
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
|
| |
|
| A nominal root is thus declined for case and number by adding the following morphemes:
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
|
| |
|
| {|-
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | colspan="2" | ''Case morphemes''
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''agentive''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"| '''-li'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''passive''</small></center> || '''-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || '''-ra'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''-ʂu'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''-χæ'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''-kʰu'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''-kʰæ'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || '''-ŋil'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''-ʈar'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | ''Numeral morphemes''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''singular''</small></center> || '''-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''plural''</small></center> || '''-no'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''dual''</small></center> || '''-ʔi'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the pre-diasporic period, these morphemes are added to the root without a fixed pattern. Numeral morpheme can, indeed, be freely placed before or after the case morpheme.
| |
|
| |
|
| Some examples are shown below: a typical active or animate noun, '''papu''', ''father'', and a typical inactive or inanimate noun, '''soːŋo''', ''house''.
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
|
| |
|
| {|- | | {|- |
| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2" | <center>''Singular declension''</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| | |- |
| | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''agentive''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| '''papuli''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''-'''
| | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''passive''</small></center> || '''papu''' || '''soːŋo''' | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || '''papura''' || '''-''' | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''papuʂu''' || '''soːŋoʂu''' | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''papuχæ''' || '''soːŋoχæ''' | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''papukʰu''' || '''soːŋokʰu''' | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''soːŋokʰæ''' | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''soːŋoŋil''' | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''soːŋoʈar''' | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| The endings for the secondary oblique cases are not usually added to a semantically animate noun, while the endings for the primary main cases are not usually added to a semantically inanimate noun. | | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="4" | <center>''Plural declension''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ||<small>''precasual pattern''</small>||<small>''postcasual pattern''</small>||<small>''precasual pattern''</small>||<small>''postcasual pattern''</small>
| |
| |--
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''agentive''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| '''papunoli''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''papulino''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''-''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''passive''</small></center> || '''papuno''' || '''papuno''' || '''soːŋono''' || '''soːŋono'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || '''papunora''' || '''papurano''' || '''-''' || '''-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''papunoʂu''' || '''papuʂuno''' || '''soːŋonoʂu''' || '''soːŋoʂuno'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''papunoχæ''' || '''papuχæno''' || '''soːŋonoχæ''' || '''soːŋoχæno'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''papunokʰu''' || '''papukʰuno''' || '''soːŋonokʰu''' || '''soːŋokʰuno'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''soːŋonokʰæ''' || '''soːŋokʰæno'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''soːŋonoŋil''' || '''soːŋoŋilno'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''soːŋonoʈar''' || '''soːŋoʈarno'''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| As in the singular declension, the endings for the secondary oblique cases are not usually added to a semantically animate noun, while the endings for the primary main cases are not usually added to a semantically inanimate noun. The plural morpheme, '''-no''', can be placed either ''before'' or ''after'' the case morphemes, without a fixed pattern. In the pre-diasporic period the numeral morpheme position is essentially free and optional.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
|
| |
|
| {|-
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="4" | <center>''Dual declension''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ||<small>''precasual pattern''</small>||<small>''postcasual pattern''</small>||<small>''precasual pattern''</small>||<small>''postcasual pattern''</small>
| |
| |--
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''agentive''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| '''papuʔili''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''papuliʔi''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''-''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''passive''</small></center> || '''papuʔi''' || '''papuʔi''' || '''soːŋoʔi''' || '''soːŋoʔi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || '''papuʔira''' || '''papuraʔi''' || '''-''' || '''-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''papuʔiʂu''' || '''papuʂuʔi''' || '''soːŋoʔiʂu''' || '''soːŋoʂuʔi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''papuʔiχæ''' || '''papuχæʔi''' || '''soːŋoʔiχæ''' || '''soːŋoχæʔi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''papuʔikʰu''' || '''papukʰuʔi''' || '''soːŋoʔikʰu''' || '''soːŋokʰuʔi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''soːŋoʔikʰæ''' || '''soːŋokʰæʔi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''soːŋoʔiŋil''' || '''soːŋoŋilʔi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''soːŋoʔiʈar''' || '''soːŋoʈarʔi'''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| As in the singular declension, the endings for the secondary oblique cases are not usually added to a semantically animate noun, while the endings for the primary main cases are not usually added to a semantically inanimate noun. The dual morpheme, '''-ʔi''', can be placed either ''before'' or ''after'' the case morphemes, without a fixed pattern. In the pre-diasporic period the numeral morpheme position is essentially free and optional.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
Interrogative pronouns
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
- quality: ṫjejm-
- quantity: sjowp-
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
|
who? / what? |
how much? / how many?
|
|
singular |
plural |
singular |
plural
|
| ergative |
ṫjejmek̇ə |
ṫjejmejk̇ə |
sjowpek̇ə |
sjowpejk̇ə
|
| absolutive |
ṫjejme |
ṫjejmej |
sjowpe |
sjowpej
|
| possessive |
ṫjejmeṗu |
ṫjejmejṗu |
sjowpeṗu |
sjowpejṗu
|
| terminative |
ṫjejmeʈu |
ṫjejmejʈu |
sjowpeʈu |
sjowpejʈu
|
| ablative |
ṫjejmeʡo |
ṫjejmejʡo |
sjowpeʡo |
sjowpejʡo
|
| causative |
ṫjejmeno |
ṫjejmejno |
sjowpeno |
sjowpejno
|
| benefactive |
ṫjejmepə |
ṫjejmejpə |
sjowpepə |
sjowpejpə
|
| instrumental |
ṫjejmema |
ṫjejmejma |
sjowpema |
sjowpejma
|
| locative |
ṫjejmewa |
ṫjejmejwa |
sjowpewa |
sjowpejwa
|
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
- ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
- ṫjejmeno : why (cause)
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
- ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
