User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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===Noun declension===
===Interrogative pronouns===
Nouns are declined in case and number with different models, depending on the last phoneme of the root.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


Nouns, whose root ends in a consonant, are divided into two groups: ''non-palatal'' and ''palatal'' group. Both groups add a different ''thematic vowel'' in their declension. Nouns in the non-palatal group do also ''palatalize'' the last consonant of the root, if possible, in the plural forms.
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


{|-
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
|-
| style="width: 80px;"| || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''thematic vowel''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"| <center><small>''plural form''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''non-palatal''</small></center> || <center>-e-</center> || <center>-‘e</center>
|-
| <center><small>''palatal''</small></center> || <center>-i-</center> || <center>-i</center>
|}
 
There is, however, a certain amount of irregular nouns, like some nouns which seemingly belong to the palatal group, while declining like a non-palatal noun, and vice versa.


Nouns, whose root ends in a vowel, change this last vowel. The general vowel changes are:
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>


{|-
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
|-
| style="width: 80px;"| <center>a → æ</center>
|-
| <center>æ → ‘e</center> || <small>(The last consonant of the root undergo palatalization, if possible)</small>
|-
| <center>‘e → ‘i</center> || <small>(The last consonant of the root undergo palatalization, if possible)</small>
|-
| <center>i → ‘i</center> || <small>(The last consonant of the root undergo palatalization, if possible)</small>
|-
| <center>o → ow</center> ||
|-
| <center>ow → u</center> ||
|-
| <center>u → ow</center> ||
|-
| <center>y → u</center> ||
|}


Some nouns, conversely, display unpredictable irregularities in pluralization.  
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 


Nouns are also declined in case by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun:
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"| -
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
|-
| <center><small>''obliquo''</small></center> || -vo
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|}
 
Some examples of nouns, whose root ends in a consonant, are shown below: a noun belonging to the non-palatal group, towm, ''house'', and a noun belonging to the palatal group, l‘irs‘, ''plant''.
{|-
|-
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>towm</center> || colspan="2" | <center>l‘irs‘</center>
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || towm || towm‘e || l‘irs‘ || l‘irs‘i
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || towmevo || towm‘evo || l‘irs‘ivo || l‘irs‘ivo
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|}
 
As it can be noticed, nouns in the palatal group do not distinguish the singular from the plural form in the oblique case.
 
Some examples of nouns, whose root ends in a consonant, are shown below: cæšæ, ''lake'', and ðowmo, ''wheel''.
{|-
|-
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>towm</center> || colspan="2" | <center>l‘irs‘</center>
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || cæšæ || cæše || ðowmo || ðowmu
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || cæšævo || cæševo || ðowmovo || ðowmuvo
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:


* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


Some nouns of the consonantal root group, whose roots end in a consonant cluster, can insert an euphonic vowel -ə- between these consonants in the accusative singular form.
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:


Here is an example of a noun, whose root ends in a consonant cluster: fihnih, ''harvest''.
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
{|-
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>lozɛh</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || fihnih || fihnoh
|-
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || fihən || fihno
|-
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || fihniβ || fihnoβ
|-
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || fihniž || fihnož
|}

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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