User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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===Noun declension===
===Interrogative pronouns===
Nouns are declined for number with different models, depending on the last phoneme of the root.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


Nouns, whose root ends in a consonant, add the so-called ''root vowel'' and change it:
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


{|-
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
|-
 
| style="width: 80px;"| <center>Ø (-ɛ) → -e</center>
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
|-
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  
| <center>Ø (-i) → -o</center>
 
|-
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
| <center>Ø (-u) → -o</center>  
 
|}
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small>


Nouns, whose root ends in a vowel, change this last vowel. If the last vowel of the noun root is nasal, it keeps the nasalization while changing in the plural form. The general vowel changes are:
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 80px;"| <center>a → e</center> || style="width: 80px;"| <center>ã → ẽ</center> ||
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| <center>a → o</center> || style="width: 80px;"| <center>ã → õ</center> || <small>(Some nouns, regarded as irregular, undergo this change)</small>
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>  
|-
|-
| || <center>ɛ̃ → ẽ</center> ||
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| <center>e → i</center> || <center>ẽ → ĩ</center> ||
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| <center>ə → e</center> || <center>ə̃ → ẽ</center> ||
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| || <center>ə̃ → õ</center> || <small>(Some nouns, regarded as irregular, undergo this change)</small>
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| <center>i → o</center> || <center>ĩ → õ</center> ||
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| <center>ɔ → o</center> || <center>ɔ̃ → õ</center> ||
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| <center>o → e</center> || <center>õ → ẽ</center> ||
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| <center>u → o</center> || <center>ũ → õ</center> ||
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| <center>y → i</center> || <center>ỹ → ĩ</center> ||
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


Nouns are also declined in case by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun:  
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


{|-
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:  
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''nominative''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"| -h
|-
| <center><small>''accusative''</small></center> || -
|-
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || -β
|-
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || -ž
|}


Here is an example of a noun, whose root ends in a vowel: tõčah, ''village''.
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
{|-
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>tõčah</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || tõčah || tõčeh
|-
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || tõča || tõče
|-
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || tõčaβ || tõčeβ
|-
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || tõčaž || tõčež
|}
As for the rules, the endings for the instrumental and locative case cannot be added to a class I noun.

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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