User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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===Noun declension===
===Interrogative pronouns===
As already mentioned, the nominal root has a '''''CVCV''''' structure. This structure can be derivatively and semantically expanded by other syllables, while still preserving its vowel-ending structure.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


Nouns do decline, according to their role in the sentence for '''case'''. They also distinguish three morphological numbers, '''singular''', '''dual''', and '''plural'''.
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


A nominal root is thus declined for case and number by adding the following morphemes:
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.


{|-
  '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
| colspan="2" | ''Case morphemes''
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  
|-
 
| style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''agentive''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"| '''-li'''  
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
|-
| <center><small>''passive''</small></center> || '''-'''
|-
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || '''-ra'''
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''-ʂu'''
|-
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''-χæ'''
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''-kʰu'''
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''-kʰæ'''
|-
| <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || '''-ŋil'''
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''-ʈar'''
|-
| colspan="2" | ''Numeral morphemes''
|-
| <center><small>''singular''</small></center> || '''-'''
|-
| <center><small>''plural''</small></center> || '''-no'''
|-
| <center><small>''dual''</small></center> || '''-ʔi'''
|}


In the pre-diasporic period, these morphemes are added to the root without a fixed pattern. Numeral morpheme can, indeed, be freely placed before or after the case morpheme.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 


Some examples are shown below: a typical active or animate noun, '''papu''', ''father'', and a typical inactive or inanimate noun, '''soːŋo''', ''house''.
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>''Singular declension''</center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>  
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''agentive''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| '''papuli''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''-'''  
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''passive''</small></center> || '''papu''' || '''soːŋo'''  
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || '''papura''' || '''-'''  
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''papuʂu''' || '''soːŋoʂu'''
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''papuχæ''' || '''soːŋoχæ'''
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''papukʰu''' || '''soːŋokʰu'''
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''soːŋokʰæ'''
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''soːŋoŋil'''
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''soːŋoʈar'''
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


The endings for the secondary oblique cases are not usually added to a semantically animate noun, while the endings for the primary main cases are not usually added to a semantically inanimate noun.
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


{|-
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:  
|-
| || colspan="4" | <center>''Plural declension''</center>
|-
| ||<small>''precasual pattern''</small>||<small>''postcasual pattern''</small>||<small>''precasual pattern''</small>||<small>''postcasual pattern''</small>
|--
| style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''agentive''</small></center>  || style="width: 100px;"| '''papunoli''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''papulino''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''-''' || style="width: 100px;"| '''-'''
|-
| <center><small>''passive''</small></center> || '''papuno''' || '''papuno''' || '''soːŋono''' || '''soːŋono'''
|-
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || '''papunora''' || '''papurano''' || '''-''' || '''-'''
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''papunoʂu''' || '''papuʂuno''' || '''soːŋonoʂu''' || '''soːŋoʂuno'''
|-
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''papunoχæ''' || '''papuχæno''' || '''soːŋonoχæ''' || '''soːŋoχæno'''
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''papunokʰu''' || '''papukʰuno''' || '''soːŋonokʰu''' || '''soːŋokʰuno'''
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''soːŋonokʰæ''' || '''soːŋokʰæno''' 
|-
| <center><small>''abessive''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''soːŋonoŋil''' || '''soːŋoŋilno'''
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''-''' || '''-''' || '''soːŋonoʈar''' || '''soːŋoʈarno'''
|}


As in the singular declension, the endings for the secondary oblique cases are not usually added to a semantically animate noun, while the endings for the primary main cases are not usually added to a semantically inanimate noun. The plural morpheme, '''-no''', can be placed either ''before'' or ''after'' the case morphemes, without a fixed pattern. In the pre-diasporic period the numeral morpheme position is essentially free and optional.
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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