User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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===Noun declension===
===Interrogative pronouns===
Nouns are declined in case by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun:
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
{|-
 
|-
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
| style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || style="width: 60px;"| -
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''
|-
 
| <center><small>''genitive''</small></center> || -rɛ
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
|-
 
| <center><small>''dative''</small></center> || -xjɛ
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
|}
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  


Nouns are also declined for number, with different models:
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
*The base form for the dual number is built by adding the ending -hiw:


  suvɛ → suvɛhiw
  '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
  <small>dog</small> → <small>two dogs</small>
  <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small>


*The base form for the plural number is built by changing the last vowel of the noun root. The general vowel changes are:
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 80px;"| <center>u → ū</center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center>ū → ū</center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center>ä → äw</center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| <center>o → ū</center> || <center>ō → ū</center> || <center>ö → ő</center>
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>  
|-
|-
| <center>i → ü</center> || <center>ī → ü</center> || <center>ő → őw</center>
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| <center>ɛ → ö</center> || <center>ā → āw</center> || <center>ü → ü</center>
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| <center>a → o</center> || || <center>iw → ü</center>
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|}
|-
 
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
As it can be noticed, nouns whose base form ends in -ū and -ü do not distinguish any different plural forms.
 
Case endings are added to these base forms.
 
Some examples are shown below: vɛvju, ''father'', and hő, ''woman''.
{|-
|-
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>vɛvju</center> || colspan="2" | <center>hő</center>
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''dual''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''dual''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || vɛvju || vɛvjuhiw || vɛvjū || hő || hőhiw || hőw
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || vɛvjurɛ || vɛvjuhiwrɛ || vɛvjūrɛ || hőrɛ || hőhiwrɛ || hőwrɛ
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || vɛvjuxjɛ || vɛvjuhiwxjɛ || vɛvjūxjɛ || hőxjɛ || hőhiwxjɛ || hőwxjɛ
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


Nouns ending in a consonant in their base form, mostly loanwords, usually add a euphonic vowel before the endings of the other cases. This vowel is generally -u-, but other vowels are also possible. These added vowels undergo the regular pluralization process.
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)
 
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
 
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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