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| {{main|Βaβar}}
| | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| This page gives an extensive description of '''Βaβar phonological''' features.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
| ==Consonants==
| | |
| The consonant system distinguishes 30 phonemes, traditionally arranged in the following scheme:
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| {| class="wikitable"
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
| |-
| | |
| | colspan="2" | || colspan="2" | <center>''IPA''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''Transcription''</center>
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| | |
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| | |
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| | |
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| | |
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| | |
| | {|- |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 120px;" rowspan="3" | <small>''ejective''</small> || style="width: 120px;"| <small>''alveolar''</small> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[tsʼ]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>[tɬʼ]</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>tsʼ</center> || style="width: 30px;"| <center>tɬʼ</center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <small>''velar''</small> || colspan="2"| <center>[kxʼ]</center> || colspan="2"| <center>kxʼ</center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <small>''retroflex''</small> || colspan="2"| <center>[ʈʂʼ]</center> || colspan="2"| <center>ʈʂʼ</center> | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="5" | <small>''plosive''</small> || <small>''alveolar''</small> || <center>[t]</center> || <center>[d]</center> || <center>t</center> || <center>d</center> | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <small>''velar''</small> || <center>[k]</center> || <center>[g]</center> || <center>k</center> || <center>g</center> | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <small>''palatal''</small> || <center>[c]</center> || <center>[ɟ]</center> || <center>ç</center> || <center>ɟ</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <small>''retroflex''</small> || <center>[ʈ]</center> || <center>[ɖ]</center> || <center>ʈ</center> || <center>ɖ</center> | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <small>''uvular''</small> || colspan="2"| <center>[q]</center> || colspan="2"| <center>q</center> | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="3" | <small>''nasal''</small> || <small>''bilabial''</small> || colspan="2"| <center>[m]</center> || colspan="2"| <center>m</center> | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <small>''alveolar''</small> || colspan="2"| <center>[n]</center> || colspan="2"| <center>n</center>
| | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |-
| |
| | <small>''uvular''</small> || colspan="2"| <center>[ɴ]</center> || colspan="2"| <center>ɴ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | <small>''liquid''</small> || colspan="2"| <center>[r]</center> || colspan="2"| <center>r</center>
| |
| |-
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| | rowspan="3" | <small>''fricative''</small> || <small>''bilabial''</small> || <center>[ɸ]</center> || <center>[β]</center> || <center>ɸ</center> || <center>β</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>''alveolar''</small> || colspan="2"| <center>[ð]</center> || colspan="2"| <center>ð</center>
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| |-
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| | <small>''velar''</small> || <center>[x]</center> || <center>[ɣ]</center> || <center>x</center> || <center>ɣ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan="3" | <small>''sibilant''</small> || <small>''alveolar''</small> || <center>[s]</center> || <center>[z]</center> || <center>s</center> || <center>z</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <small>''post-alveolar''</small> || <center>[ʃ]</center> || <center>[ʒ]</center> || <center>š</center> || <center>ž</center>
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| |-
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| | <small>''retroflex''</small> || <center>[ʂ]</center> || <center>[ʐ]</center> || <center>ʂ</center> || <center>ʐ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="2" | <small>''approximant''</small> || <center>[j]</center> || <center>[w]</center> || <center>j</center> || <center>w</center>
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
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| There is a well developed separate group of ejective consonants, which distinguishes three sub-group: ''alveolar'', ''velar'', and ''retroflex''. The total amount of ejective phonemes is, however, four.
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| | |
| The group of the plosive consonants is essentially rich and distinguishes four sub-groups: ''alveolar'', ''velar'', ''palatal'', ''retroflex'', and ''uvular'', even though the uvular include only the phoneme [q].
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| The group of the nasal is slighty poorer, but anyway quite developed, with the noteworthy presence of the uvular phoneme [ɴ]. The group of the liquid consonants is remarkably scarce, with the only phoneme [r].
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| The group of the fricative consonants is overall well developed, with three different points of articulation and a limited distinction between some voiced and voiceless phonemes. In the analysis, the group of the sibilant consonants is regarded as a separate group, with with three different points of articulation and an extensive distinction between voiced and voiceless phonemes too.
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| There is no affricate consonant. The phonemes [j] and [w] can have both a semivocalic and a full consonantal value.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
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| Very importantly, both at a phonological and morphosyntactical level, all nasal and liquid consonant can function as syllabic nucleus, acquiring thus a syllabic value. In this case they are regarded as semivocalic consonants. This distinction, however, is not reflected in the written form, using the same letters as the full consonantal phonemes.
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable"
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| |-
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | colspan="2" | || <center>''IPA''</center> || <center>''Transcription''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 120px;" rowspan="3" | <small>''nasal''</small> || style="width: 120;"| <small>''bilabial''</small> || style="width: 60px;"| <center>[m̍]</center> || style="width: 60px;"| <center>m</center>
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| |-
| |
| | <small>''alveolar''</small> ||<center>[n̍]</center> || <center>n</center>
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| |-
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| | <small>''uvular''</small> || <center>[ɴ̍]</center> || <center>ɴ</center>
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| |-
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| | colspan="2" | <small>''liquid''</small> || <center>[r̍]</center> || <center>r</center>
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| |-
| |
| |}
| |
Interrogative pronouns
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
- quality: ṫjejm-
- quantity: sjowp-
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
|
who? / what? |
how much? / how many?
|
|
singular |
plural |
singular |
plural
|
| ergative |
ṫjejmek̇ə |
ṫjejmejk̇ə |
sjowpek̇ə |
sjowpejk̇ə
|
| absolutive |
ṫjejme |
ṫjejmej |
sjowpe |
sjowpej
|
| possessive |
ṫjejmeṗu |
ṫjejmejṗu |
sjowpeṗu |
sjowpejṗu
|
| terminative |
ṫjejmeʈu |
ṫjejmejʈu |
sjowpeʈu |
sjowpejʈu
|
| ablative |
ṫjejmeʡo |
ṫjejmejʡo |
sjowpeʡo |
sjowpejʡo
|
| causative |
ṫjejmeno |
ṫjejmejno |
sjowpeno |
sjowpejno
|
| benefactive |
ṫjejmepə |
ṫjejmejpə |
sjowpepə |
sjowpejpə
|
| instrumental |
ṫjejmema |
ṫjejmejma |
sjowpema |
sjowpejma
|
| locative |
ṫjejmewa |
ṫjejmejwa |
sjowpewa |
sjowpejwa
|
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
- ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
- ṫjejmeno : why (cause)
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
- ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
