User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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'''jõnəfoš řek ečiňir'''
===Interrogative pronouns===
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


oǧer jõnəfor mješũ jõnə̃ rimusmjejš kwov bežuřid wor. mješ swonož ĩ rimusmjejrĩ amjišidũ wĩžõs ňo eht nidižuš kwov mid avor. rimusmjejš kwoča žaθ nĩt eht woba užňišafo weskidjid jẽh. užňišafor feš kwov ačwid jẽh: “jõnəfo, ertušuš bweriš jeh nidižuš kwov mjušris, rwemworĩ kwẽnurĩ wehmjijšidũ wẽžõ”. jõnəfor užňišafoš kwov ačwid jẽh: “ užňišafo, ňonor ortušurĩ jõnərĩ rwemuǧidũ wẽžõ”.
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


jõnəfor amũšid jẽh: “jič ortušũ jõnə̃ nidižuš kwov božiřid wũšev, kwẽnur fẽt ňumjižǧid wĩh, wo jič fẽt božiřid wũšivs, nwoɣmwer rwemworuš xwof uriǧidũ mježõ”. nĩx anonušjid jẽh, çid fẽt rimusmjejš kwov bežuřid imeš. “obur it ružǧid wũš”, eht amũšid jẽh.
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.


ředuč rimusmjejš kwov foňuřidũ jẽžõ, jõnərĩ asužidũ jẽžõ, çid šãko nor rweno šãkõto ňemjĩňidũ jẽžõ. wežřed jõnəfor bweri rimušid wẽh, kwẽ rõr řirušjid jẽh. šud rwemwor jẽh šweduɣur, kwẽnur bweriš kwov inuňid wẽh ňo ňomə̃ řirošoɣeǧid wẽh, çidso jõnəfo nor jõnə̃ kwebosuǧid wũš.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>


jõnəfor, fet bweriš so ružǧid fũs ňo fet fjerušũ mušĩnišũ fjev ečwoxišid fũs šweduɣur, soba açjid wĩs. çidux mješuš bweriš wehruš nor mješuš rošješ so kobišid wũš, čižiňid jẽh: “ob, nwet čižĩǧid wẽv, it wehruš šimješ mušĩniš fjev jošjiřid wũšr. šočwid wẽv, çid hubjinǧid imjov šwedug, šĩru ferež užňid mjov ňo fet ňečežǧid mjov”.
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.


wehruš gahroš om šisar mjə fiřimjid jẽh ňo, jõnəfoš nor jõnəšũ kwov inoɣeǧid wẽh šweduɣur, kwẽ ĩ šuɣr çišeǧid jẽh. kwẽnur šisaš řek obaš ošjixaš jer kwebosoɣug jẽh ňo rošižid jẽh. jõnəfor šibjeruǧid jẽh ňo mješ bwer swonožuš kwov nwomwer božiřid jẽh. wehčo swoňe finuřid jẽh, jõnə̃ bwečik om božiřid jẽh ňo šežũňid jẽh, çidux mwožur nor šibjerur wũš.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 


fwoɣuɣišũ swidišũ om oǧer jõnəfor ferež ňečežɣišaš so užňid jĩs, çidux obuš kwov šočiňiš no romũšid jẽh.  
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


toswidič obar jedwonar, kiža afužǧidũ wẽžõ šweduɣurĩ, šurišũ godrašũ čwiçišũ jeh rušisuřid jẽh. obamwer fasweňur jõnəfoš řek bwečikiš řek çrǧujkəç nĩt çišeǧid jẽh ňo çrǧujkçir nĩx çišaɣuřid jẽh. wehčo jedwonar suǧid jẽh, jõnərĩ bwečikiš hwoh rošižidũ jẽžõ ňo swonož jir õšoɣo om rwožuǧidũ jẽžõ. jõnəfor fẽt užuɣinaš fes hubjiňid jẽh, ňo, mješ furasiša om, obuš kwov, çesuřo wožižǧid jĩs šwedug, ečiňiš no momĩšid jẽh.
{|-
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}


wežřed sošuřid wẽh, jõnəfor obuš jeh mjə roxufšid jẽh ňo ečwenuňid jẽh, çid mješ ečiň fuňid imeš. fuswidič woba užňišafo hubjiňid jẽh ňo feš kwov kwešid jẽh, fet aružǧid wũšm, çidux nĩře oǧer wũš. uɣifor nidižuš kwov imid jẽh ňo õšoɣo om məjmjiřid jẽh. obamwer woba kwemud šisã cĩt řirušjidũ jẽžõ ňo uɣifor wehtuš huš hwočuxešišũ xud fužid jẽh.
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:


jõnəfor nor užňišafor uriɣoɣaɣug kwemud šižuš řek fjimiš kwov wihmjiǧidũ jẽžõ ňo fet obuš kwov čeɣuřidũ jẽžõ, wežřed ňečežɣišašũ so mwiniž fužuňidũ wẽžõ. jõnəfor oǧeɣa mješuš omoňesaš no kwešid jẽh ňo užňišafor urwožga mješušũ fwoɣuɣišũ užňišašũ so kwešid jẽh.
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


fuswidič oǧer jõnəfor, ešužid jẽh šweduɣur, jod jõ bwečik om hubjinǧid jẽh. nušjid ňo ačwid jẽh: “šjiňiǧ, ob, ečiňiš no řewřo romĩšid mjuvs.
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:  
 
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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