User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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{{main|Biwdiw}}
===Interrogative pronouns===
This page gives an extensive description of '''Biwdiw syntactical''' features.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
==Main clause and word order==
Biwdiw is a mainly '''SVO''' (''Subject-Verb-Object'')  language, but there are clear traces hinting to a previous underlying '''SOV''' (''Subject-Object-Verb'') order.
wīruliw līlušɛc subɛ
<small>the man sees the dog</small>


The quite rich case system allows every other possible word order, but most of them prove to be very marked and infrequently used. '''SVO''' order is essentially used in the main clause. Other orders with a clear role and a frequent usage in the main clause are:
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


* '''VSO''' (''Verb-Subject-Object''), which marks interrogative clauses, namely simple ''questions''.
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.


  līlušɛc wīruliw subɛ
  '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
  <small>does the man see the dog?</small>
  <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  


* '''OSV''' (''Object-Subject-Verb''), which marks the so-called ''passive construct''.
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.


  subɛ līluš wīruliw
  '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
  <small>the dog is seen by the man</small>
  <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small>


* '''VOS''' (''Verb-Object-Subject''), which marks the ''passive construct in a interrogative clause''.
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


līluš subɛ wīruliw
{|-
<small>is the dog seen by the man?</small>
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}


When another verb is found inside a main clause, it is placed in the final position of the sentence. Both possible verbal positions are called ''primary verbal position'' and ''secondary verbal position''.
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:


S{{color|purple|'''V<sub><small>1</small></sub>'''}}O(C){{color|red|'''V<sub><small>2</small></sub>}}'''
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


Modal verbs, the auxiliary verb çɛňiwgɛ, ''to be'', and the negative verb hīsiwgɛ, ''to do not'', tend to be placed in the primary position, and cause the supported verb to move in the secondary position.
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:


wīruliw {{color|purple|hīsjɛc(V<sub><small>1</small></sub>)}} subɛšu {{color|red|līlušiwgɛ(V<sub><small>2</small></sub>)}}
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
<small>the man {{color|purple|does not}} {{color|red|see}} the dog</small>
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)
 
wīruliw {{color|purple|çɛňɛc(V<sub><small>1</small></sub>)}} subɛšu {{color|red|līlušiwgɛ(V<sub><small>2</small></sub>)}}
<small>the man {{color|purple|will}} (repeatedly) {{color|red|see}} the dog</small>
 
wīruliw {{color|purple|pjɛgisjɛc(V<sub><small>1</small></sub>)}} subɛšu {{color|red|līlušiwňiwgɛ(V<sub><small>2</small></sub>)}}
<small>the man {{color|purple|can}} {{color|red|see}} the dog</small>
 
When another verb is placed in the primary position, the previous verbal form is moved in the end of the secondary position.
 
wīruliw {{color|purple|çɛňɛc(V<sub><small>1</small></sub>)}} subɛšu {{color|red|līlušiwgɛ(V<sub><small>2</small></sub>)}} → wīruliw {{color|purple|hīsjɛc(V<sub><small>1</small></sub>)}} subɛšu {{color|red|līlušiwgɛ çɛňiwgɛ(V<sub><small>2</small></sub>)}}
<small>the man {{color|purple|will}} (repeatedly) {{color|red|see}} the dog → the man {{color|red|will}} {{color|purple|not}} (repeatedly) {{color|red|see}} the dog</small>
 
The other elements in the sentence are usually placed in the order “''place-manner-cause-time''”, although they are basically freer than the main elements. An object in the dative case, when conveying the indirect object, tends to be placed ''before'' the direct object of the sentence.
 
A peculiar feature is the verbal ''infinitival agreement'': when infinitival forms, as nominal forms of the verbs, take a direct object, are regarded as an expression of belonging, and the direct object is declined in the ''ablative'' case.
 
hīsū subɛšu līlušiwgɛ
<small>I do not see the dog</small>

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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