User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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{{main|Βaβar}}
===Interrogative pronouns===
This page gives an extensive description of '''Βaβar morphological''' features.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
==Numerals==
The numeral system relies on a mixed system of decimal base and a vigesimal base.


The first ten cardinal numbers are noun-like forms on their own:
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


{|-
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''1'':</center> || īɴ
|-
| <center>''2'':</center> || gaɸ
|-
| <center>''3'':</center> || zgū
|-
| <center>''4'':</center> || dāk
|-
| <center>''5'':</center> || atsʼ
|-
| <center>''6'':</center> || trikxʼ
|-
| <center>''7'':</center> || rməq
|-
| <center>''8'':</center> || dākr
|-
| <center>''9'':</center> || īɴɸə
|-
| <center>''10'':</center> || ɸək
|}


Numerals from 11 to 19 are built with the construction NUM + i + ɸək. If the numeral ends in a vowel, the -i turns into -j:
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
{|-
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''11'':</center> || īɴiɸək
|-
| <center>''12'':</center> || gaɸiɸək
|-
| <center>''13'':</center> || zgūjɸək
|-
| <center>''14'':</center> || dākiɸək
|-
| <center>''15'':</center> || atsʼiɸək
|-
| <center>''16'':</center> || trikxʼiɸək
|-
| <center>''17'':</center> || rməqiɸək
|-
| <center>''18'':</center> || dākriɸək
|-
| <center>''19'':</center> || īɴɸəjɸək
|}


The numeral for tens is built with the construction NUM + ī:
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
{|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''tens'':</small></center> || style="width: 40px;"| ɸəkī
|}


The numerals for 20 is a noun-like form on their own:
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 


{|-
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''20'':</center> || gāɸī
|}


Numerals for 30, 50, 70 and 90 are built with the construction i̥pʔa + NUM:
{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>  
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| <center>''30'':</center> || ipʔemqi̥
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
|-
| <center>''50'':</center> || ipʔafḁ̈nu
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| <center>''70'':</center> || ipʔiħśü̥
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
| <center>''90'':</center>  || ipʔḁtjö
|}
 
As it can be seen, if the numeral begins with a vowel, the final vowel of i̥pʔa is dropped.
 
Numerals for 40, 60 and 80 are built with the construction ʔtḁr + 2 / 3 / 4:
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| <center>''46'':</center> || ʔtariʔẙq
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| <center>''60'':</center> || ʔtaremqi̥
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| <center>''80'':</center> || ʔtaranḁ̈ŕ
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|}
 
The numerals for ''(one) hundred'' and ''(one) thousand'' are noun-like forms on their own:
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| <center>''100'':</center> || u̥ncu
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| <center>''1000'':</center> || ëțnẙt
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


The numerals for the multiples of hundreds and thousands are built with the construction no̥cu / țnë̥to + NUM:
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
{|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small></small></center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center><small>''hundreds''</small></center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center><small>''thousands''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''2x'':</small></center> || nociʔẙq || țnëtiʔẙq
|-
| <center><small>''3x'':</small></center> || nocemqi̥ || țnëtemqi̥
|-
| <center><small>''4x'':</small></center> || nocanḁ̈ŕ || țnëtanḁ̈ŕ
|-
| <center><small>''5x'':</small></center> || nocufḁ̈nu || țnëtofḁ̈nu
|-
| <center><small>''6x'':</small></center> || nocyťŕḁ̈ || țnëtyťŕḁ̈
|-
| <center><small>''7x'':</small></center> || nociħśü̥ || țnëtiħśü̥
|-
| <center><small>''8x'':</small></center> || nocuʔe̥ći || țnëtoʔe̥ći
|-
| <center><small>''9x'':</small></center> || nocḁtjö || țnëtḁtjö
|}
 
As it can be seen, if the numeral begins with a vowel, the final vowels of no̥cu and țnë̥to are dropped.
 
Composite numbers are built by linking them with the conjunction ka, ''and'', in descending order:
*''1985'': ëțnẙt ka nocḁtjö ka ʔtaranḁ̈ŕ ka fḁ̈nu
 
All cardinal numerals up to these forms are treated as adjective-like forms. They decline according to their adjoining nouns in case, but they do not agree in number. Numerals do decline only in singular number. However, numeral are placed almost always before their adjoining nouns. In later texts they can be found also after their nouns.
 
The numeral for “million” is formed from the word ëțnẙt. Numbers above the millions have no name and are specified by the lesser numerals.
{|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''1,000,000'':</center>  || țë̥nt
|}
 
This form is treated as a regularly declinable noun, with an external plural:
 
{|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''3,000,000'':</center>  || emqi̥ țë̥ntëj
|-
| <center>''25,000,000'':</center>  || ʔḁtru fḁ̈nu țë̥ntëj
|}
 
Nouns adjoining such numerals are not preceded by any preposition and are declined in the case required by their syntactical role in the sentence, as the numerals themselves:


iʔẙqoʔ țë̥ntëjoʔ o̥ćnuhoʔ
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
<small>to two millions people</small>
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the ordinal ending -iju/-ju  to the cardinal numeral form, with some irregularities:
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:  
{|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''adjective form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''1<sup>st</sup>'':</center> || țe̥ʔiju
|-
| <center>''2<sup>nd</sup>'':</center>  || iʔẙqiju
|-
| <center>''3<sup>rd</sup>'':</center>  || emqi̥ju
|-
| <center>''4<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || anḁ̈ŕiju
|-
| <center>''5<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || fḁ̈niju
|-
| <center>''6<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || yťŕḁ̈ju
|-
| <center>''7<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || iħśü̥ju
|-
| <center>''8<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || ʔe̥ćiju
|-
| <center>''9<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || ḁtjöju
|-
| <center>''10<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || po̥ʔiju
|-
| <center>''11<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || poʔițe̥ʔuju
|-
| <center>''12<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || poʔiʔẙqiju
|-
| <center>''19<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || iʔquʔḁ̥triju
|-
| <center>''20<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || ʔḁtriju
|-
| <center>''30<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || ipʔemqi̥ju
|-
| <center>''100<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || u̥nciju
|-
| <center>''600<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || nocyťŕḁ̈ju
|-
| <center>''1000<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || ëțnẙtiju
|-
| <center>''9000<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || țnëtḁtjöju
|}


If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
*''25<sup>th</sup>'': ʔatru ka fänuju
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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