User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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{{main|Memniq}}
===Interrogative pronouns===
This page gives an extensive description of '''Memniq morphological''' features.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
==Numerals==
The numeral system relies on a mixed system of decimal base and a vigesimal base.


The first ten cardinal numbers are noun-like forms on their own:
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


{|-
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''1'':</center> || țe̥ʔu
|-
| <center>''2'':</center> || iʔẙq
|-
| <center>''3'':</center> || emqi̥
|-
| <center>''4'':</center> || anḁ̈ŕ
|-
| <center>''5'':</center> || fḁ̈nu
|-
| <center>''6'':</center> || yťŕḁ̈
|-
| <center>''7'':</center> || iħśü̥
|-
| <center>''8'':</center> || ʔe̥ći
|-
| <center>''9'':</center> || ḁtjö
|-
| <center>''10'':</center> || po̥ʔi
|}


Numerals from 11 to 17 are built with the construction po̥ʔi + NUM:
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
{|-
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''11'':</center> || poʔițe̥ʔu
|-
| <center>''12'':</center> || poʔiʔẙq
|-
| <center>''13'':</center> || poʔemqi̥
|-
| <center>''14'':</center> || poʔanḁ̈ŕ
|-
| <center>''15'':</center> || poʔyťŕḁ̈
|-
| <center>''16'':</center> || poʔifḁ̈nu
|-
| <center>''16'':</center> || poʔiħśü̥
|}


As it can be seen, if the numeral begins with a vowel, the final vowel of poʔi is dropped.
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.


Numerals 18 and 19 are irregularly built from the numeral 20:
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
{|-
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small>   
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''18'':</center>  || iʔquʔḁ̥tru
|-
| <center>''19'':</center>  || țeʔuʔḁtru
|}


The numerals for 20 is a noun-like form on their own:
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>  
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| <center>''20'':</center> || ʔḁtru
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|}
 
Numerals for 30, 50, 70 and 90 are built with the construction NUM + fēʔot́əw:
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| <center>''30'':</center> || miəkōfēʔot́əw
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| <center>''50'':</center> || ṕāgefēʔot́əw
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| <center>''70'':</center> || haʂəfēʔot́əw
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| <center>''90'':</center> || ʈōjəwfēʔot́əw
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|}
 
Numerals for 40, 60 and 80 are built with the construction 2 / 3 / 4 + ʔatrūt́əw:
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| <center>''46'':</center> || ʔakiəʔatrūt́əw
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| <center>''60'':</center> || miəkōʔatrūt́əw
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| <center>''80'':</center> || gōleʔatrūt́əw
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


The numerals for ''(one) hundred'' and ''(one) thousand'' are noun-like forms on their own:
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
{|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''100'':</center>  || ɳāt́əw
|-
| <center>''1000'':</center>  || liəʔā
|}


The numerals for the multiples of hundreds and thousands are built with the construction NUM + ɳāt́əwt́əw/ liəʔāt́əw, with some irregularities:
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
{|-
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
|-
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small></small></center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center><small>''hundreds''</small></center> || style="width: 130px;"| <center><small>''thousands''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''2x'':</small></center> || ʔakiəɳāt́əwt́əw || ʔakiəliəʔāt́əw
|-
| <center><small>''3x'':</small></center> || miəkōɳāt́əwt́əw || miəkōliəʔāt́əw
|-
| <center><small>''4x'':</small></center> || gōleɳāt́əwt́əw || gōleliəʔāt́əw
|-
| <center><small>''5x'':</small></center> || ṕāgeɳāt́əwt́əw || ṕāgeliəʔāt́əw
|-
| <center><small>''6x'':</small></center> || ðūlaɳāt́əwt́əw || ðūlaliəʔāt́əw
|-
| <center><small>''7x'':</small></center> || haʂəɳāt́əwt́əw || haʂəliəʔāt́əw
|-
| <center><small>''8x'':</small></center> || ḱəwʔeɳāt́əwt́əw || ḱəwʔeliəʔāt́əw
|-
| <center><small>''9x'':</small></center> || ʈōjəwɳāt́əwt́əw || ʈōjəwliəʔāt́əw
|}
 
All cardinal numerals up to these forms are meant as invariable.
 
The numeral for “million” is a loanword. Numbers above the millions have no name and are specified by the lesser numerals.
{|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''1,000,000'':</center>  || t́ənt
|}


This form is treated as a regularly declinable noun:
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:  
 
{|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''3,000,000'':</center>  || miəkō t́əntəno
|-
| <center>''25,000,000'':</center>  || ʔatrū ṕāge t́əntəno
|}
 
If this numeral is used as a simple count form, it is declined in the passive case. Inside of a structured sentence, it is declined according the case required by its syntactical role. Nouns adjoining such numerals are introduced by the preposition čɛl and are declined in the ablative case.
 
ʔakiə t́əntəxəno fūkarano
<small>to two millions people</small>
 
Composite numbers are built by just putting them beside, without any conjunction, in descending order:
*''1985'': liəʔā ʈōjəwɳāt́əwt́əw gōleʔatrūt́əw ṕāge
 
Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the ordinal ending -lo to the cardinal numeral form, with an irregular suppletive form:
{|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''adjective form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''1<sup>st</sup>'':</center> || roɕdu
|-
| <center>''2<sup>nd</sup>'':</center>  || ogidu
|-
| <center>''3<sup>rd</sup>'':</center>  || migōdu
|-
| <center>''4<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || nōhdu
|-
| <center>''5<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || čōndu
|-
| <center>''6<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || θūhadu
|-
| <center>''7<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || hoɕedu
|-
| <center>''8<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || šudu
|-
| <center>''9<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || cōjudu
|-
| <center>''10<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || fēwdu
|-
| <center>''11<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || ɕōwfēwdu
|-
| <center>''12<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || ogifēwdu
|-
| <center>''20<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || ogifēwtujdu
|-
| <center>''30<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || ogifēwtujdu
|-
| <center>''60<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || θūhafēwtunudu
|}
 
The ordinal numeral for “millionth” is regularly formed from its corresponding cardinal forms, by adding the epenthetic vowel -ə-, while its multiples are formed by unifying the separated forms in an only adjectival word:
 
{|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''adjective form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''1,000,000<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || t́əntəlo
|-
| <center>''3,000,000<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || miəkōt́əntəlo
|}


If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
*''25<sup>th</sup>'': ʔatrū ṕāgelo
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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