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| {{main|Proto-Saːkdi}}
| | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| This page gives an extensive description of '''Proto-Saːkdi morphological''' features.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
| ==Numerals== | |
| The numeral system relies on a decimal base.
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| The first ten cardinal numbers are forms on their own:
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
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|
| {|-
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
| |-
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| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | <center>''1'':</center> || '''pɛːm'''
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| |-
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| | <center>''2'':</center> || '''laz'''
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| |-
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| | <center>''3'':</center> || '''ħuːd'''
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| |-
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| | <center>''4'':</center> || '''ɖajr'''
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| |-
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| | <center>''5'':</center> || '''ʂuʡ'''
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| |-
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| | <center>''6'':</center> || '''towŋ'''
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| |-
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| | <center>''7'':</center> || '''kiːr'''
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| |-
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| | <center>''8'':</center> || '''ʐeːr'''
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| |-
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| | <center>''9'':</center> || '''bɔp'''
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| |-
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| | <center>''10'':</center> || '''ʂujl'''
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| |}
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| Numerals from 11 to 19 can be built:
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
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| *With the numeral unit + the numeral '''ʂujl''', NUM + '''ʂujl'''
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
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|
| {|-
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | <center>''11'':</center> || '''pɛːmʂujl'''
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| |-
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| | <center>''11'':</center> || '''lazʂujl'''
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| |}
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| | |
| *With '''ʂujl''' + the postposition '''nɔ''', ''over'', + the numeral unit, '''ʂujl''' + '''nɔ''' + NUM:
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| {|-
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| |-
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| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | <center>''11'':</center> || '''ʂujlnɔpɛːm'''
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| |-
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| | <center>''11'':</center> || '''ʂujlnɔlaz'''
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| |}
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| | |
| The numeral for ''(one) hundred'' is a form on its own:
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| {|-
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| |-
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| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | <center>''100'':</center> || '''qijm'''
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| |}
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| The numeral ''(one) thousand'' is morphologically derived from the form for ''(one) hundred'':
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| {|-
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| |-
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| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | <center>''1000'':</center> || '''ɴɔrqijm'''
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| |}
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| The numerals for the multiples of tens, hundreds and thousands are built with the construction NUM + -arɕüw / -arčĩ / -arnɔčĩ. As these suffixes has often merged with the cardinal form, most forms are irregularly built:
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| {|- | | {|- |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small></small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''tens''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''hundreds''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''thousands''</small></center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''2x'':</small></center> || lararɕüw || lararčĩ || lararnɔčĩ | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''3x'':</small></center> || čɔrɕüw || čɔrčĩ || čɔrnɔčĩ | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''4x'':</small></center> || ɟärɕüw || ɟärčĩ || ɟärnɔčĩ | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''5x'':</small></center> || ɕɔrɕüw || ɕɔrčĩ || ɕɔrnɔčĩ | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''6x'':</small></center> || dɑ̃rɕüw || dɑ̃rčĩ || dɑ̃rnɔčĩ | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''7x'':</small></center> || ɟɛrɕüw || ɟɛrčĩ || ɟɛrnɔčĩ | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''8x'':</small></center> || žörɕüw || žörčĩ || žörnɔčĩ | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''9x'':</small></center> || hɔbarɕüw || hɔbarčĩ || hɔbarnɔčĩ | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |} | |
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| Numerals for “million” and “billion” are loanwords from Iðâɣ language:
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| {|-
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| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>''1,000,000'':</center> || šurentu (<small>from I. šúrěntu </small>) | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |- | |
| | <center>''1,000,000,000'':</center> || mešurentu (<small>from I. mêšúrěntu </small>) | |
| |} | | |} |
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| These forms are treated as noun-like forms and can be used with other numerals:
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| {|-
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| |-
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| | style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | <center>''3,000,000'':</center> || ču šurentu
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| |-
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| | <center>''6,000,000,000'':</center> || dü̃ mešurentu
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| |}
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| They are however treated as normal numerals when used with nouns. Nouns adjoining such numerals are not introduced by any preposition:
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| lar šurentu hɛ
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| <small>two millions people</small>
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| Composite numbers are built by just putting them beside, without any conjunction, in descending order:
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| *''2985'': lararnɔčĩ hɔbarčĩ žɛrɕüw ɕu
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| As for other parts of the language, all cardinal numerals are meant as invariable forms.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
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| Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the suffix -da to the cardinal numeral form, with some irregularities:
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| {|-
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| |-
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| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''adjective form''</small></center>
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| |-
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| | <center>''1<sup>st</sup>'':</center> || bö̃da
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| |-
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| | <center>''2<sup>nd</sup>'':</center> || larda
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| |-
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| | <center>''3<sup>rd</sup>'':</center> || čuɟa
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| |-
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| | <center>''4<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || ɟäda
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| |-
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| | <center>''5<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || ɕuda
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| |-
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| | <center>''6<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || dü̃da
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| |-
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| | <center>''7<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || ɟida
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| |-
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| | <center>''8<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || žyda
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| |-
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| | <center>''9<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || hɔvda
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| |-
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| | <center>''10<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || ɕüwda
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| |-
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| | <center>''11<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || ɕüwnɔbö̃da
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| | <center>''12<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || ɕüwnɔlarda
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| |-
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| | <center>''13<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || ɕüwnɔčuɟa
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| |-
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| | <center>''20<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || lararɕüwda
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| |-
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| | <center>''30<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || čɔrɕüwda
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| |-
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| | <center>''600<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || dɑ̃rčĩda
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| |-
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| | <center>''9000<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || hɔbarnɔčĩda
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| |}
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| If the numeral form is composite, the suffix is added to every form:
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| *''325<sup>th</sup>'': čɔrčĩda lararɕüwda ɕuda | | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
Interrogative pronouns
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
- quality: ṫjejm-
- quantity: sjowp-
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-.
ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
|
who? / what? |
how much? / how many?
|
|
singular |
plural |
singular |
plural
|
| ergative |
ṫjejmek̇ə |
ṫjejmejk̇ə |
sjowpek̇ə |
sjowpejk̇ə
|
| absolutive |
ṫjejme |
ṫjejmej |
sjowpe |
sjowpej
|
| possessive |
ṫjejmeṗu |
ṫjejmejṗu |
sjowpeṗu |
sjowpejṗu
|
| terminative |
ṫjejmeʈu |
ṫjejmejʈu |
sjowpeʈu |
sjowpejʈu
|
| ablative |
ṫjejmeʡo |
ṫjejmejʡo |
sjowpeʡo |
sjowpejʡo
|
| causative |
ṫjejmeno |
ṫjejmejno |
sjowpeno |
sjowpejno
|
| benefactive |
ṫjejmepə |
ṫjejmejpə |
sjowpepə |
sjowpejpə
|
| instrumental |
ṫjejmema |
ṫjejmejma |
sjowpema |
sjowpejma
|
| locative |
ṫjejmewa |
ṫjejmejwa |
sjowpewa |
sjowpejwa
|
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
- ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
- ṫjejmeno : why (cause)
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
- ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
- ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
