User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
No edit summary
No edit summary
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{main|Proto-Saːkdi}}
===Interrogative pronouns===
This page gives an extensive description of '''Proto-Saːkdi morphological''' features.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
==Numerals==
The numeral system relies on a decimal base.


The first ten cardinal numbers are forms on their own:
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


{|-
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
|-
 
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
|-
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  
| <center>''1'':</center> || '''pɛːm'''
 
|-
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
| <center>''2'':</center> || '''laz'''
|-
| <center>''3'':</center> || '''ħuːd'''
|-
| <center>''4'':</center> || '''ɖajr'''
|-
| <center>''5'':</center> || '''ʂuʡ'''
|-
| <center>''6'':</center> || '''towŋ'''
|-
| <center>''7'':</center> || '''kiːr'''
|-
| <center>''8'':</center> || '''ʐeːr'''
|-
| <center>''9'':</center> || '''bɔp'''
|-
| <center>''10'':</center> || '''ʂujl'''
|}


Numerals from 11 to 19 are built with the construction ɕüw + nɔ + NUM:
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
{|-
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small>
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''11'':</center> || ɕüwnɔbö̃
|-
| <center>''12'':</center> || ɕüwnɔlar
|-
| <center>''13'':</center> || ɕüwnɔču
|-
| <center>''14'':</center> || ɕüwnɔɟä
|-
| <center>''15'':</center> || ɕüwnɔɕu
|-
| <center>''16'':</center> || ɕüwnɔdü̃
|-
| <center>''17'':</center> || ɕüwnɔɟi
|-
| <center>''18'':</center> || ɕüwnɔžy
|-
| <center>''19'':</center> || ɕüwnɔhɔp
|}


The numerals for ''(one) hundred'' and ''(one) thousand'' are forms on their own:
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
{|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''100'':</center>  || čĩ
|-
| <center>''1000'':</center>  || nɔčĩ
|}


The numerals for the multiples of tens, hundreds and thousands are built with the construction NUM + -arɕüw / -arčĩ / -arnɔčĩ. As these suffixes has often merged with the cardinal form, most forms are irregularly built:
{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small></small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''tens''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''hundreds''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''thousands''</small></center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
| <center><small>''2x'':</small></center> || lararɕüw || lararčĩ || lararnɔčĩ
|-
| <center><small>''3x'':</small></center> || čɔrɕüw || čɔrčĩ || čɔrnɔčĩ
|-
| <center><small>''4x'':</small></center> || ɟärɕüw || ɟärčĩ || ɟärnɔčĩ
|-
| <center><small>''5x'':</small></center> || ɕɔrɕüw || ɕɔrčĩ || ɕɔrnɔčĩ
|-
|-
| <center><small>''6x'':</small></center> || dɑ̃rɕüw || dɑ̃rčĩ || dɑ̃rnɔčĩ
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
|-
| <center><small>''7x'':</small></center> || ɟɛrɕüw || ɟɛrčĩ || ɟɛrnɔčĩ
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''8x'':</small></center> || žörɕüw || žörčĩ || žörnɔčĩ
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''9x'':</small></center> || hɔbarɕüw || hɔbarčĩ || hɔbarnɔčĩ
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|}
 
Numerals for “million” and “billion” are loanwords from Iðâɣ language:
 
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| <center>''1,000,000'':</center>  || šurentu (<small>from I. šúrěntu </small>)
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| <center>''1,000,000,000'':</center>  || mešurentu (<small>from I. mêšúrěntu </small>)
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|}
 
These forms are treated as noun-like forms and can be used with other numerals:
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| <center>''3,000,000'':</center> || ču šurentu
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| <center>''6,000,000,000'':</center> || dü̃ mešurentu
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


They are however treated as normal numerals when used with nouns. Nouns adjoining such numerals are not introduced by any preposition:
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
lar šurentu hɛ
<small>two millions people</small>
 
Composite numbers are built by just putting them beside, without any conjunction, in descending order:
*''2985'': lararnɔčĩ hɔbarčĩ žɛrɕüw ɕu


As for other parts of the language, all cardinal numerals are meant as invariable forms.
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the suffix -da to the cardinal numeral form, with some irregularities:
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:  
{|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''adjective form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''1<sup>st</sup>'':</center> || bö̃da
|-
| <center>''2<sup>nd</sup>'':</center> || larda
|-
| <center>''3<sup>rd</sup>'':</center> || čuɟa
|-
| <center>''4<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || ɟäda
|-
| <center>''5<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || ɕuda
|-
| <center>''6<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || dü̃da
|-
| <center>''7<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || ɟida
|-
| <center>''8<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || žyda
|-
| <center>''9<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || hɔvda
|-
| <center>''10<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || ɕüwda
|-
| <center>''11<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || ɕüwnɔbö̃da
|-
| <center>''12<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || ɕüwnɔlarda
|-
| <center>''13<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || ɕüwnɔčuɟa
|-
| <center>''20<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || lararɕüwda
|-
| <center>''30<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || čɔrɕüwda
|-
| <center>''600<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || dɑ̃rčĩda
|-
| <center>''9000<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || hɔbarnɔčĩda
|}


If the numeral form is composite, the suffix is added to every form:
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
*''325<sup>th</sup>'': čɔrčĩda lararɕüwda ɕuda
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
Retrieved from "http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII&oldid=175196"