User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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{{main|Rertu}}
===Interrogative pronouns===
This page gives an extensive description of '''Rertu morphological''' features.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
==Numerals==
The numeral system relies on a decimal base.


The first ten cardinal numbers are forms on their own:
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


{|-
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
|-
 
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
|-
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  
| <center>''1'':</center> || pɛ̄́m
 
|-
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
| <center>''2'':</center> || laz
 
|-
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
| <center>''3'':</center>  || hū́d
  <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small>   
|-
| <center>''4'':</center>  || ɟā̀r
|-
| <center>''5'':</center>  || šuʔ
|-
| <center>''6'':</center>  || tū̀ŋ
|-
| <center>''7'':</center>  || kī́r
|-
| <center>''8'':</center> || žḗr
|-
| <center>''9'':</center>  || bɔp
|-
| <center>''10'':</center>  || šū̀l
|}


Numerals from 11 to 19 are built with the construction NUM + phḗʔo + na:
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
{|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''11'':</center> || šā́ʔophḗʔona
|-
| <center>''12'':</center> || ʔakiphḗʔona
|-
| <center>''13'':</center> || mikṓphḗʔona
|-
| <center>''14'':</center> || gṓwephḗʔona
|-
| <center>''15'':</center> || pā́gephḗʔona
|-
| <center>''16'':</center> || thū́waphḗʔona
|-
| <center>''17'':</center> || hašɑphḗʔona
|-
| <center>''18'':</center> || kuʔephḗʔona
|-
| <center>''19'':</center> || tsṓjuphḗʔona
|}


The numerals for ''(one) hundred'' and ''(one) thousand'' are forms on their own:
{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
| <center>''100'':</center> || ñā́tu
|-
|-
| <center>''1000'':</center> || wiʔā́
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|}
 
The numerals for the multiples of tens, hundreds and thousands are built with the construction NUM + re + phḗʔo/ñā́tu/wiʔā́:
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small></small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''tens''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''hundreds''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''thousands''</small></center>
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''2x'':</small></center> || ʔakirephḗʔo || ʔakireñā́tu || ʔakirewiʔā́
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''3x'':</small></center> || mikṓrephḗʔo || mikṓreñā́tu || mikṓrewiʔā́
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''4x'':</small></center> || gṓwerephḗʔo || gṓwereñā́tu || gṓwerewiʔā́
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''5x'':</small></center> || pā́gerephḗʔo || pā́gereñā́tu || pā́gerewiʔā́
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''6x'':</small></center> || thū́warephḗʔo || thū́wareñā́tu || thū́warewiʔā́
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''7x'':</small></center> || hašɑrephḗʔo || hašɑreñā́tu || hašɑrewiʔā́
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''8x'':</small></center> || kuʔerephḗʔo || kuʔereñā́tu || kuʔerewiʔā́
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''9x'':</small></center> || tsṓjurephḗʔo || tsṓjureñā́tu || tsṓjurewiʔā́
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


Numbers above the multiples of thousands have no name and are specified by the lesser numerals.
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
Composite numbers are built by just putting them beside, without any conjunction, in descending order:
*''1985'': wiʔā́ tsṓjureñā́tu kuʔerephḗʔo pā́ge


All cardinal numerals are meant as invariable forms.
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the adjectival ending -ko to the cardinal numeral form:
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:  
{|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''adjective form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''1<sup>st</sup>'':</center> || šā́ʔoko
|-
| <center>''2<sup>nd</sup>'':</center>  || ʔakiko
|-
| <center>''3<sup>rd</sup>'':</center>  || mikṓko
|-
| <center>''4<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || gṓweko
|-
| <center>''5<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || pā́geko
|-
| <center>''6<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || thū́wako
|-
| <center>''7<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || hašɑko
|-
| <center>''8<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || kuʔeko
|-
| <center>''9<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || tsṓjuko
|-
| <center>''10<sup>th</sup>'':</center>  || phḗʔoko
|}


If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
*''25<sup>th</sup>'': ʔakirephḗʔo pā́geko
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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