|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{main|Proto-Alri}}
| | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| This page gives an extensive description of '''Proto-Alri morphological''' features.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
| ==Numerals== | |
| Numeral roots are meant as nominal-verbal roots, with a (C)VC- structure.
| |
|
| |
|
| The numeral system relies on a decimal base.
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| The first ten cardinal numbers are forms on their own:
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
|
| |
|
| {|-
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''1'':</center> || '''ṫjes-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''2'':</center> || '''moʈ-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''3'':</center> || '''pʰijn-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''4'':</center> || '''sjajr-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''5'':</center> || '''ʂewṗ-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''6'':</center> || '''kakʰ-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''7'':</center> || '''njuʂ-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''8'':</center> || '''towʡ-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''9'':</center> || '''pəjt-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''10'':</center> || '''lujm-'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The numerals for ''(one) hundred'' and ''(one) thousand'' are forms on their own:
| |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''100'':</center> || '''ʂowk̇-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''1000'':</center> || '''k̇ajʂ-'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| If these roots have an adjoining noun, the adjectival ending '''-i''' is added to them. They are therefore treated like an adjective and declined in agreement with the noun.
| |
| | |
| '''ʂewṗ-''' → '''ʂewṗ-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ʂewṗi'''
| |
| <small>five</small> | |
| | |
| If these roots are used as simple count forms, or in a pronominal role, the nominal ending '''-e''' is added to them. They are therefore treated like a pronoun and declined according the case required by their syntactical role.
| |
| | |
| '''njuʂ-''' → '''njuʂ-''' + '''-e-''' → '''njuʂe'''
| |
| <small>seven</small>
| |
| | |
| Other numerals do not have indipendent roots. Their forms are built by combining quite freely the already existing roots. There are no fixed construction patterns, as it is noticeable from the different results in daughter languages.
| |
| | |
| The numerals for tens, hundreds and thousands can be built:
| |
| | |
| *With the numeral root + the nominal ending '''-e''', as an independent numeral form, NUM + '''-e''':
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 60px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''tens'':</center> || '''lujime'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''hundreds'':</center> || '''ʂowk̇e'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''thousands'':</center> || '''k̇ajʂe'''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| *With the numeral root + the derivative suffix '''-ʂi''', as an independent numeral form, NUM + '''-ʂi''':
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
|
| |
|
| {|-
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| |-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| | style="width: 60px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''tens'':</center> || '''lujimʂi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''hundreds'':</center> || '''ʂowk̇ʂi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''thousands'':</center> || '''k̇ajʂəʂi'''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| The numerals for the multiples of tens, hundreds and thousands can be built:
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| | |
| *With the numeral root + '''lujme'''/'''ʂowk̇e'''/'''k̇ajʂe''' in the plural number, NUM + '''-lujmej'''/'''-ʂowk̇ej'''/'''-k̇ajʂej''':
| |
|
| |
|
| {|- | | {|- |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | |
| | <center>''30'':</center> || '''moʈlujmej''' | |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''600'':</center> || '''sjajrʂowk̇ej''' | |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''9000'':</center> || '''kakʰk̇ajʂej'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| *With the numeral root + '''lujmʂi'''/'''ʂowk̇ʂi'''/'''k̇ajʂəʂi''' in the plural number, NUM + '''-lujmʂij'''/'''-ʂowk̇ʂij'''/'''-k̇ajʂəʂij''':
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>''30'':</center> || '''moʈlujmʂij''' | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>''600'':</center> || '''sjajrʂowk̇ʂij''' | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>''9000'':</center> || '''kakʰk̇ajʂəʂij''' | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |} | |
| | |
| Numerals from 11 to 19 can be built:
| |
| | |
| *With the numeral root + the adjectival or nominal ending + '''lujmʂi''', NUM + '''-i'''/'''-e''' + '''-lujmʂi'''
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>''11'':</center> || '''ṫjesilujmʂi''' / '''ṫjeselujmʂi''' | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |} | |
| | |
| *With '''-lujme''' + the postposition '''nje''', ''over'', + the numeral root + the adjectival or nominal ending, '''lujme''' + '''nje''' + NUM + '''-i'''/'''-e''':
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>''11'':</center> || '''lujmenjeṫjesi''' / '''lujmenjeṫjese''' | | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |} | |
| | |
| Numbers above the multiples of thousands have no name and are specified by the lesser numerals.
| |
| | |
| Composite numbers can be built:
| |
| | |
| *by just putting them beside, without any conjunction, in descending order:
| |
| {|-
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 60px;"| <center>''1985''</center> || '''k̇ajʂe pəjtʂowk̇ej towʡlujmej ʂewṗe'''
| | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |} | |
| | |
| *by linking them with the conjunction '''tʰe''', ''and'', in descending order:
| |
| {|-
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 60px;"| <center>''1985''</center> || '''k̇ajʂe tʰe pəjtʂowk̇ej tʰe towʡlujmej tʰe ʂewṗe'''
| | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| Ordinal numerals are be built with the numeral root + the comparative suffix '''-is''' + the adjectival ending '''-i''', NUM + '''-is-''' + '''-i''':
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| | |
| '''ṫjes-''' + '''-is-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjesisi'''
| |
| <small>one → first</small>
| |
| | |
| The first 10 ordinal numerals are:
| |
|
| |
|
| {|-
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| |-
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''1<sup>st</sup>'':</center> || '''ṫjesisi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''2<sup>nd</sup>'':</center> || '''moʈisi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''3<sup>rd</sup>'':</center> || '''pʰijnisi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''4<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || '''sjajrisi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''5<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || '''ʂewṗisi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''6<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || '''kakʰisi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''7<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || '''njuʂisi-'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''8<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || '''towʡisi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''9<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || '''pəjtisi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''10<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || '''lujmisi'''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| For the ordinal numerals for the multiples of tens, hundreds and thousands the comparative suffix -is- replaces the nominal or adjectival ending '''-e'''/'''-i'''.
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 60px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''adjective form''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''11<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || '''ṫjesilujmʂisi''' / '''lujmenjeṫjesisi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''12<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || '''moʈilujmʂisi''' / '''lujmenjemoʈisi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''20<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || '''moʈlujmisi''' / '''moʈlujmʂisi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''30<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || '''pʰijnlujmisi''' / '''pʰijnlujmʂisi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''600<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || '''kakʰʂowk̇isi''' / '''kakʰʂowk̇ʂisi'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''9000<sup>th</sup>'':</center> || '''pəjtk̇ajʂisi ''' / '''pəjtk̇ajʂəʂisi'''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| If the numeral form is composite, the comparative ending is added to every form, and they agree with their adjoining noun in case and number:
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| *''378<sup>th</sup>'': '''pʰijnʂowk̇isi (tʰe) njuʂlujmisi (tʰe) towʡisi''' | | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
