User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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{{main|Proto-Alri}}
===Interrogative pronouns===
This page gives an extensive description of '''Proto-Alri morphological''' features.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
==Numerals==
Numeral roots are meant as nominal-verbal roots, with a (C)VC- structure.


The numeral system relies on a decimal base.
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


The first ten cardinal numbers are forms on their own:
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.


{|-
  '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
|-
  <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''1'':</center> || '''ṫjes-'''
|-
| <center>''2'':</center>  || '''moʈ-'''
|-
| <center>''3'':</center>  || '''pʰijn-'''
|-
| <center>''4'':</center>  || '''sjajr-'''
|-
| <center>''5'':</center>  || '''ʂewṗ-'''
|-
| <center>''6'':</center>  || '''kakʰ-'''
|-
| <center>''7'':</center>  || '''njuʂ-'''
|-
| <center>''8'':</center> || '''towʡ-'''
|-
| <center>''9'':</center>  || '''pəjt-'''
|-
| <center>''10'':</center>  || '''lujm-'''
|}
 
The numerals for ''(one) hundred'' and ''(one) thousand'' are forms on their own:
{|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''100'':</center>  || '''ʂowk̇-'''
|-
| <center>''1000'':</center>  || '''k̇ajʂ-'''
|}
 
If these roots have an adjoining noun, the adjectival ending '''-i''' is added to them. They are therefore treated like an adjective and declined in agreement with the noun.
 
'''ʂewṗ-''' → '''ʂewṗ-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ʂewṗi'''
  <small>five</small>
 
If these roots are used as simple count forms, or in a pronominal role, the nominal ending '''-e''' is added to them. They are therefore treated like a pronoun and declined according the case required by their syntactical role.
 
'''njuʂ-''' → '''njuʂ-''' + '''-e-''' → '''njuʂe'''
<small>seven</small>
 
Other numerals do not have indipendent roots. Their forms are built by combining quite freely the already existing roots. There are no fixed construction patterns, as it is noticeable from the different results in daughter languages.
 
The numerals for tens, hundreds and thousands can be built:
 
*With the numeral root + the nominal ending '''-e''', as an independent numeral form, NUM + '''-e''':
 
{|-
|-
| style="width: 60px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''tens'':</center> || '''lujime'''
|-
| <center>''hundreds'':</center> || '''ʂowk̇e'''
|-
| <center>''thousands'':</center> || '''k̇ajʂe'''
|}
 
*With the numeral root + the derivative suffix '''-ʂi''', as an independent numeral form, NUM + '''-ʂi''':
 
{|-
|-
| style="width: 60px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''tens'':</center> || '''lujimʂi'''
|-
| <center>''hundreds'':</center> || '''ʂowk̇ʂi'''
|-
| <center>''thousands'':</center> || '''k̇ajʂəʂi'''
|}
 
 
The numerals for the multiples of tens, hundreds and thousands can be built:


*With the numeral root + '''lujme'''/'''ʂowk̇e'''/'''k̇ajʂe''' in the plural number, NUM + '''-lujmej'''/'''-ʂowk̇ej'''/'''k̇ajʂej''':
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.


{|-
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
|-
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small>
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''30'':</center> || '''mikoːrepʰeːʔo'''
|-
| <center>''600'':</center> || '''tʰuːɬareɳaːt́u'''
|-
| <center>''9000'':</center> || '''ʈoːjureɬiʔaː'''
|}
 
*With the construction NUM + '''re''' + '''pʰeːʔonu''' / '''ɳaːt́unu''' / '''ɬiʔaːnu''':
 
{|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
|-
| <center>''30'':</center> || '''mikoːrepʰeːʔonu'''
|-
| <center>''600'':</center> || '''tʰuːɬareɳaːt́unu'''
|-
| <center>''9000'':</center> || '''ʈoːjureɬiʔaːnu'''
|}


*With the construction NUM + '''re''' + '''pʰeːʔotu(nu)''' / '''ɳaːt́utu(nu)''' / '''ɬiʔaːtu(nu)''':
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


{|-
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>  
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| <center>''30'':</center> || '''mikoːrepʰeːʔotu(nu)'''
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
|-
| <center>''600'':</center> || '''tʰuːɬareɳaːt́utu(nu)'''
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| <center>''9000'':</center> || '''ʈoːjureɬiʔaːtu(nu)'''
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|}
 
*With the construction NUM + '''re''' + '''pʰeːʔot́u(nu)''' / '''ɳaːt́ut́u(nu)''' / '''ɬiʔaːt́u(nu)''':
 
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| <center>''30'':</center> || '''mikoːrepʰeːʔot́u(nu)'''
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| <center>''600'':</center> || '''tʰuːɬareɳaːt́ut́u(nu)'''
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| <center>''9000'':</center> || '''ʈoːjureɬiʔaːt́u(nu)'''
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|}
 
Numerals from 11 to 19 can be built:
 
*With the numeral root + the adjectival or nominal ending + '''lujmʂi''', NUM + '''-i'''/'''-e''' + '''-lujmʂi'''
 
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| <center>''11'':</center> || '''ṫjesilujmʂi''' / '''ṫjeselujmʂi'''
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|}
 
*With '''-lujme''' + the postposition '''nje''', ''over'', + the numeral root + the adjectival or nominal ending, '''lujme''' + '''nje''' + NUM + '''-i'''/'''-e''':
 
{|-
|-
|-
| style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|-
| <center>''11'':</center> || '''lujmenjeṫjesi''' / '''lujmenjeṫjese'''
|}
|}


Numbers above the multiples of thousands have no name and are specified by the lesser numerals.
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
Composite numbers are built by just putting them beside, without any conjunction, in descending order:
*''1985'': '''ɬiʔaː ʈoːjureɳaːt́u ḱuʔerepʰeːʔo ṕaːŋe'''
 
All cardinal numerals are meant as invariable forms.
 
Ordinal numerals can be formed:
 
*by adding the adjectival ending '''-ko''' to the cardinal numeral form:
'''ʂaːʔo''' → '''ʂaːʔoko'''
<small>one → first</small>
 
*by adding the comparative ending '''-roː''' to the cardinal numeral form:
'''tʰuːɬa''' → '''tʰuːɬaroː'''
<small>six → sixth</small>


*by adding the comparative ending '''-tu''' to the cardinal numeral form:
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
'''ŋoːɬe''' → '''ŋoːɬetu'''
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)
<small>four → fourth</small>


*by adding the comparative ending '''-lo''' to the cardinal numeral form:
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:  
'''ḱuʔe''' → '''ḱuʔelo'''
<small>eight → eighth</small>


If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
*''25<sup>th</sup>'': '''ʔakirepʰeːʔo ṕaːŋeko'''
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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