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Onschen
Ossmalic


{{infobox
{{infobox
|bg=#9966CC
|bg=#9966CC
|name=Onschen
|name=Ossmalic
|native=Ӯсцье
|native=мэ́ӈ оссэма́л
|pronounce=/õːst͡ʃe/
|pronounce=[ˈmə́ŋ òs.ˈsmál]
|in=Onstsamidzo
|in=Ossmal
|script=Sealbone Script
|script=Sealbone Script
|tree=Language isolate
|tree=Language isolate
Line 14: Line 14:
|creator=[[User:Ahzoh|Malcolm G. Holborne]]}}
|creator=[[User:Ahzoh|Malcolm G. Holborne]]}}


28 consonants:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes of Onschen
|+ Consonant phonemes of Ossmalic
|-  
|-  
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! style="width: 7em;" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! style="width: 5em;" rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! style="width: 5em;" rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Velar
|-
|-
! hard
! style="width: 5em;" | hard
! soft
! style="width: 5em;" | soft
! hard
! style="width: 5em;" | hard
! soft
! style="width: 5em;" | soft
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
! Nasal
| '''м''' [m]
| '''м''' /m/
| '''н/ӈ''' [n̪]
| '''н''' /n̪/
| '''нь/ӈь''' [n̪ʲ]
| '''нь''' /n̪ʲ/
|
|
|
|
| '''ӈ''' /ŋ/
| '''ӈь''' /ɲ~ŋʲ/
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! Stop
! voiceless
| '''п''' /p/
| '''п''' [p]
| '''т''' /t̪/
| '''т''' [t̪]
| '''ть''' /t̪ʲ/
| '''ть''' [t̪ʲ]
|
|
| '''к''' [k]
| '''к''' /k/
| '''кь''' [kʲ]
| '''кь''' /c~kʲ/
|-
|-
! voiced
! Fricative
| '''б''' [b]
| rowspan="2" | '''в''' /ʋ/
| '''д''' [d̪]
| '''с''' /s/
| '''дь''' [d̪ʲ]
| '''сь''' /sʲ/
|
| rowspan="2" | '''і''' /j/
| '''г''' [g]
| '''х''' /x/
| '''гь''' [gʲ]
| '''хь''' /ç~xʲ/
|-
! rowspan="2" | Affricate
! voiceless
|
| '''ц''' [t͡s]
| '''ць''' [t͡sʲ]
|
|
|
|-
|-
! voiced
! Approximant
|
| '''л''' /l/
| '''ѕ''' [d͡z]
| '''ль''' /lʲ/
| '''ѕь''' [d͡zʲ]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| '''ф''' [f]
| '''с''' [s]
| '''сь''' [sʲ]
|
| '''х''' [x]
| '''хь''' [xʲ]
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
|
| '''л''' [l]
| '''ль''' [lʲ]
| '''і''' [j]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Click
! central
|
| '''ҭ''' [ǀ]
| '''ҭь''' [ǀʲ]
| '''қ''' [ǂ]
|
|
|-
! lateral
|
| '''ԯ''' [ǁ]
| '''ԯь'''[ǁʲ]
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|}
|}


{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowel Phonemes
|+Monophthongs
|-
|-
! rowspan=2| Type
! style="width: 3em;" | Type
! colspan=2| Front
! style="width: 3.4em;" | Front
! colspan=2| Back
! style="width: 3.4em;" | Back
|-
!<small>Oral</small>
!<small>Nasal</small>
!<small>Oral</small>
!<small>Nasal</small>
|-
|-
!Close
!Close
| '''и''' [i] ||
| '''и''' /i/
| '''у''' [u] ||
| '''у''' /u/
|-
|-
!Mid
!Mid
| '''е''' [e] || '''ӣ''' [ẽː]
| '''е''' /e/
| '''о''' [o] || '''ӯ''' [õː]
| '''о''' /o/
|-
|-
!Open
!Open
|colspan=4| '''а''' [a]
|colspan=2| '''а''' /a/
|-
|}
|}


{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Diphthongs
|-
|-
! rowspan=2| Type
!
! colspan=2| Front
! colspan="10" | Short
! colspan=2| Back
! rowspan="3" style="width: 1.5em;" |  
! colspan="10" | Long
|-
|-
!<small>Oral</small>
! Origin
!<small>Nasal</small>
| style="width: 1.5em;" | æ
!<small>Oral</small>
| style="width: 1.5em;" | e
!<small>Nasal</small>
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ø
| style="width: 1.5em;" | i
| style="width: 1.5em;" | y
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ɑ
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ɤ
| style="width: 1.5em;" | o
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ɯ
| style="width: 1.5em;" | u
 
| style="width: 1.5em;" | æː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | eː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | øː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | iː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | yː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ɑː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ɤː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | oː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | ɯː
| style="width: 1.5em;" | uː
|-
|-
!Mid-Rising
! style="width: 4em;" | Result
| '''еі''' [ei̯] || '''ӣі''' [ẽi̯]
| ʲa
| '''оі''' [oi̯] || '''ӯі''' [õi̯]
| ʲe
| ʲo
| ʲĭ
| ʲŭ
| a
| e
| o
| ĭ
| ŭ
| ʲa
| ʲe
| ʲo
| ʲi
| ʲu
| a
| e
| o
| i
| u
|-
|-
!Open-Rising
|colspan=4| '''аі''' [ai̯]
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable"
 
! rowspan="2" | Mood
Tone is not explicitly marked in writing but inferred based on historical voicing distinctions and consonant clusters:
! rowspan="2" | Person
 
! colspan="4" | Non-Future
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Future
|+ Tones Inferred by Consonants
! style="width: 5em;" | Consonant
! style="width: 5em;" | High
! style="width: 5em;" | Mid
! style="width: 5em;" | Low
|-  
! rowspan="5" | Stop
| '''па''' /pá/
| —
| '''ба''' /pà/
|-
| '''та''' /t̪á/
| —
| '''да''' /t̪à/
|-
| '''тьа''' /t̪ʲá/
| —
| '''дьа''' /t̪ʲà/
|-
| '''ка''' /ká/
| —
| '''га''' /kà/
|-
| '''кьа''' /kʲá/
| —
| '''гьа''' /kʲà/
|-
! rowspan="4" | Fricative
| '''са''' /sá/
| —
| '''за''' /sà/
|-
| '''сьа''' /sʲá/
| —
| '''зьа''' /sʲà/
|-
| '''ха''' /xá/
| —
| '''ра''' /xà/
|-
|-
! 0
| '''хьа''' /xʲá/
! 1.ERG
| —
! 2.ERG
| '''рьа''' /xʲà/
! 3.ERG
! 0
! 1.ERG
! 2.ERG
! 3.ERG
|-
|-
! rowspan="6" | Indicative
! rowspan="7" | Sonorant
! 1s.ABS
| —
| ӈ-VERB-а
| '''ма''' /mā/
| ту-ӈ-VERB-а
| —
| хьа-ӈ-VERB-а
| лу-ӈ-VERB-а
| VERB-а
| ту-VERB-а
| хьа-VERB-а
| лу-VERB-а
|-
|-
! 2s.ABS
| —
| ӈ-VERB-е
| '''на''' /n̪ā/
| ту-ӈ-VERB-е
| —
| хьа-ӈ-VERB-е
| лу-ӈ-VERB-е
| VERB-е
| ту-VERB-е
| хьа-VERB-е
| лу-VERB-е
|-
|-
! 3s.ABS
| —
| ӈ-VERB-ьат
| '''ньа''' /n̪ʲā/
| ту-ӈ-VERB-ьат
| —
| хьа-ӈ-VERB-ьат
| лу-ӈ-VERB-ьат
| VERB-ьат
| ту-VERB-ьат
| хьа-VERB-ьат
| лу-VERB-ьат
|-
|-
! 1p.ABS
| —
| ӈ-VERB-аі
| '''ӈа''' /ŋā/
| ту-ӈ-VERB-аі
| —
| хьа-ӈ-VERB-аі
| лу-ӈ-VERB-аі
| VERB-аі
| ту-VERB-аі
| хьа-VERB-аі
| лу-VERB-аі
|-
|-
! 2p.ABS
| —
| ӈ-VERB-и
| '''ӈьа''' /ŋʲā/
| ту-ӈ-VERB-и
| —
| хьа-ӈ-VERB-и
|-
| лу-ӈ-VERB-и
| —
| VERB-и
| '''ла''' /lā/
| ту-VERB-и
| —
| хьа-VERB-и
|-
| лу-VERB-и
| —
| '''льа''' /lʲā/
| —
|-
! rowspan="2" | Semivowel
| —
| '''ва''' /ʋā/
| —
|-
| —
| '''іа''' /jā/
| —
|-
|-
! 3p.ABS
| ӈ-VERB-ьет
| ту-ӈ-VERB-ьет
| хьа-ӈ-VERB-ьет
| лу-ӈ-VERB-ьет
| VERB-ьет
| ту-VERB-ьет
| хьа-VERB-ьет
| лу-VERB-ьет
|}
|}
Tone possibly indicated on vowels instead:
:'''а́ е́ и́ э́ о́ у́'''
:'''а̀ ѐ ѝ э̀ о̀ у̀'''
Animate:
:''хазьа'' "horse" [sg], ''хазьаӈ'' "horses" [pl]
:''меззга'' "bear" [sg], ''меззгаӈ'' "bears" [pl]
Inanimate:
:''смал'' "mountain" [sg], ''смалек'' "mountains" [pl]
:''коб'' "knife" [sg], ''кобек'' "knives" [pl]
===Adjective prefixes===
====Colours====
:''маг-'' "black, dark"
:''ос-'' "white, light"
:''тьил-'' "immoral, wicked, evil"

Latest revision as of 18:47, 29 January 2026

Ossmalic



Ossmalic
мэ́ӈ оссэма́л
Pronounced: [ˈmə́ŋ òs.ˈsmál]
Spoken: Ossmal
Writing system: Sealbone Script
Genealogy: Language isolate
Typology
Morphological type:  ???
Morphosyntactic alignment: ergative-absolutive
Basic word order: VSO
Credits
Creator: Malcolm G. Holborne


28 consonants:

Consonant phonemes of Ossmalic
Labial Coronal Palatal Velar
hard soft hard soft
Nasal м /m/ н /n̪/ нь /n̪ʲ/ ӈ /ŋ/ ӈь /ɲ~ŋʲ/
Stop п /p/ т /t̪/ ть /t̪ʲ/ к /k/ кь /c~kʲ/
Fricative в /ʋ/ с /s/ сь /sʲ/ і /j/ х /x/ хь /ç~xʲ/
Approximant л /l/ ль /lʲ/
Monophthongs
Type Front Back
Close и /i/ у /u/
Mid е /e/ о /o/
Open а /a/
Short Long
Origin æ e ø i y ɑ ɤ o ɯ u æː eː øː iː yː ɑː ɤː oː ɯː uː
Result ʲa ʲe ʲo ʲĭ ʲŭ a e o ĭ ŭ ʲa ʲe ʲo ʲi ʲu a e o i u


Tone is not explicitly marked in writing but inferred based on historical voicing distinctions and consonant clusters:

Tones Inferred by Consonants
Consonant High Mid Low
Stop па /pá/ — ба /pà/
та /t̪á/ — да /t̪à/
тьа /t̪ʲá/ — дьа /t̪ʲà/
ка /ká/ — га /kà/
кьа /kʲá/ — гьа /kʲà/
Fricative са /sá/ — за /sà/
сьа /sʲá/ — зьа /sʲà/
ха /xá/ — ра /xà/
хьа /xʲá/ — рьа /xʲà/
Sonorant — ма /mā/ —
— на /n̪ā/ —
— ньа /n̪ʲā/ —
— ӈа /ŋā/ —
— ӈьа /ŋʲā/ —
— ла /lā/ —
— льа /lʲā/ —
Semivowel — ва /ʋā/ —
— іа /jā/ —

Tone possibly indicated on vowels instead:

а́ е́ и́ э́ о́ у́
а̀ ѐ ѝ э̀ о̀ у̀


Animate:

хазьа "horse" [sg], хазьаӈ "horses" [pl]
меззга "bear" [sg], меззгаӈ "bears" [pl]

Inanimate:

смал "mountain" [sg], смалек "mountains" [pl]
коб "knife" [sg], кобек "knives" [pl]


Adjective prefixes

Colours

маг- "black, dark"
ос- "white, light"
тьил- "immoral, wicked, evil"
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