User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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Alphabet and phonology
===Interrogative pronouns===
 
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:
{|
|''Small letter''||a||ä||b||c||ć||d||đ||e||ë||f||g||ģ||h||i||j||k||l||m||n||o||ö||p||q||r||ŕ||s||ś||t||ţ||u||ü||v||w||x||y||z||ź
|-
|''IPA value''||[a]||[æ]||[b]||[ʧ]||[ç]||[d]||[ð]||[e]||[ə]||[f]||[g]||[ɣ]||[h]||[i]||[j]||[k]||[l]||[m]||[n]||[o]||[œ]||[p]||[q]||[r]||[ʀ]||[s]||[ʃ]||[t]||[ʦ]||[u]||[y]||[v]||[w]||[x]||[ɨ]||[z]||[ʒ]
|}


*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


verb '''đremil''', ''to sell'', verb '''klukul''', ''to break''
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.


'''Momentaneous present'''
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>


{|
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||jođremu||jokloku
|-
|''2nd sing.''||jađremu||jäkloku
|-
|''3rd sing.''||jađrimu||jäkluku
|-
|''1st plur.''||đremum||klokum
|-
|''2nd plur.''||đremuź||klokuź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||jeđrimul||jëklukul
|}


'''Continous present'''
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
(+m/n)
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||jomđremu||jomkloku
|-
|''2nd sing.''||jamđremu||jämkloku
|-
|''3rd sing.''||jamđrimu||jämkluku
|-
|''1st plur.''||đremnum||klokmum
|-
|''2nd plur.''||đremnuź||klokmuź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||jemđrimul||jëmklukul
|}


'''Perfect past'''
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


{|
{|-
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|-
|''1st sing.''||đeremo||koloko
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
|''2nd sing.''||đeremi||koloki
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
|-
|''3rd sing.''||đirem||kulok
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
|''1st plur.''||đirmom||kulkom
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
|''2nd plur.''||đermoź||kolkoź
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|''3rd plur.''||điremol||kulokol
|}
 
'''Continuos past'''
(+m/n)
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|-
|''1st sing.''||đermemo||kolmoko
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
|''2nd sing.''||đermemi||kolmoki
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
|''3rd sing.''||đirmem||kulmok
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
|''1st plur.''||đirmnom||kulkmom
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
|''2nd plur.''||đermnoź||kolkmoź
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
|''3rd plur.''||đirmemol||kulmokol
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


'''Resultative past'''
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:


{|
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
|-
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)
|''1st sing.''||öđremo||ökloko
|-
|''2nd sing.''||öđremi||ökloki
|-
|''3rd sing.''||öđirem||ökulok
|-
|''1st plur.''||üđirmëm||ükulkëm
|-
|''2nd plur.''||üđermëź||ükolkëź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||öđiremol||ökulokol
|}


'''Plusquamperfect past'''
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||vëđeremu||vëkoloku
|-
|''2nd sing.''||vëđeremi||vëkoloki
|-
|''3rd sing.''||vëđerem||vëkolok
|-
|''1st plur.''||vëđirmom||vëkulkom
|-
|''2nd plur.''||vëđermoź||vëkolkoź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||vëđiremul||vëkulokul
|}
 
 
'''Future'''
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||pëđermu||pëkolku
|-
|''2nd sing.''||pëđermo||pëkolko
|-
|''3rd sing.''||pëđirmu||pëkulku
|-
|''1st plur.''||pëđirmom||pëkulkom
|-
|''2nd plur.''||pëđirmoź||pëkolkoź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||pëđirmul||pëkulkul
|}
 
'''Future in the past'''
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||pođeremu||pokoloku
|-
|''2nd sing.''||pođeremi||pokoloki
|-
|''3rd sing.''||pođerem||pokolok
|-
|''1st plur.''||pođirmom||pokulkom
|-
|''2nd plur.''||pođermoź||pokolkoź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||pođiremul||pokulokul
|}
 
'''Subjunctive present'''
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||juđremu||jükläku
|-
|''2nd sing.''||jëđramu||jyklëku
|-
|''3rd sing.''||jëđrëmu||jyklëku
|-
|''1st plur.''||đramom||kläkum
|-
|''2nd plur.''||đramoź||kläkuź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||jađrëmul||jüklëkul
|}
 
'''Subjunctive past'''
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||vëđaremo||vëkaloko
|-
|''2nd sing.''||vëđaremi||vëkaloki
|-
|''3rd sing.''||vëđärim||vëkaluk
|-
|''1st plur.''||vëđärmom||vëkalkom
|-
|''2nd plur.''||vëđarmoź||vëkalkoź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||vëđärimul||vëkalukul
|}
 
'''Subjunctive future'''
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||pëđarmu||pëkalku
|-
|''2nd sing.''||pëđarmo||pëkalko
|-
|''3rd sing.''||pëđärmu||pëkälku
|-
|''1st plur.''||pëđärmom||pëkälkom
|-
|''2nd plur.''||pëđärmoź||pëkälkoź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||pëđärmul||pëkälkul
|}
 
'''Conditional present'''
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||jiđrimu||jikliku
|-
|''2nd sing.''||jëđrimu||jykliku
|-
|''3rd sing.''||jëđrymu||jyklyku
|-
|''1st plur.''||đrimom||klikum
|-
|''2nd plur.''||đrimoź||klikuź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||jyđrymul||jyklykul
|}
 
'''Subjunctive past'''
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||vëđiremo||vëkiloko
|-
|''2nd sing.''||vëđiremi||vëkiloki
|-
|''3rd sing.''||vëđirim||vëkiluk
|-
|''1st plur.''||vëđirmom||vëkilkom
|-
|''2nd plur.''||vëđirmoź||vëkilkoź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||vëđirimul||vëkilukul
|}
 
'''Subjunctive future'''
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||pëđirmu||pëkilku
|-
|''2nd sing.''||pëđirmo||pëkilko
|-
|''3rd sing.''||pëđyrmu||pëkylku
|-
|''1st plur.''||pëđyrmom||pëkylkom
|-
|''2nd plur.''||pëđyrmoź||pëkylkoź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||pëđyrmul||pëkylkul
|}


* root: potr ''making''
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
** pteril: ''to do'', ''to make''
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)
* root: corp ''construction''
** crupul: ''to build''
** ocörpum: ''building''
** cërmepek: ''construction''
** tacrupul: ''rebuild''

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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