User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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Alphabet and phonology
===Interrogative pronouns===
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


{|
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
|''Small letter''||a||ä||b||c||ć||d||đ||e||ë||f||g||ģ||h||i||j||k||l||m||n||o||ö||p||q||r||ŕ||s||ś||t||u||ü||v||w||x||y||z||ź
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''
|-
|''IPA value''||[a]||[æ]||[b]||[ʧ]||[ç]]||[d]||[ð]||[e]||[ə]||[f]||[g]||[ɣ]||[h]||[i]||[j]||[k]||[l]||[m]||[n]||[o]||[œ]||[p]||[q]||[r]||[ʀ]||[s]||[ʃ]||[t]||[u]||[y]||[v]||[w]||[x]||[ɨ]||[z]||[ʒ]
|}
 
 
verb '''đremil''', ''to sell'', verb '''klukul''', ''to break''
 
'''Momentaneous present'''
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||jođremu||jokloku
|-
|''2nd sing.''||jađremu||jäkloku
|-
|''3rd sing.''||jađrimu||jäkluku
|-
|''1st plur.''||đremum||klokum
|-
|''2nd plur.''||đremuź||klokuź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||jeđrimul||jëklukul
|}
 
'''Continous present'''
(+m/n)
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||jomđremu||jomkloku
|-
|''2nd sing.''||jamđremu||jämkloku
|-
|''3rd sing.''||jamđrimu||jämkluku
|-
|''1st plur.''||đremnum||klokmum
|-
|''2nd plur.''||đremnuź||klokmuź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||jemđrimul||jëmklukul
|}
 
'''Perfect past'''
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||đeremo||koloko
|-
|''2nd sing.''||đeremi||koloki
|-
|''3rd sing.''||đirem||kulok
|-
|''1st plur.''||đirmom||kulkom
|-
|''2nd plur.''||đermoź||kolkoź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||điremol||kulokol
|}


'''Continuos past'''
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
(+m/n)


{|
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>
|-
|''1st sing.''||đermemo||kolmoko
|-
|''2nd sing.''||đermemi||kolmoki
|-
|''3rd sing.''||đirmem||kulmok
|-
|''1st plur.''||đirmnom||kulkmom
|-
|''2nd plur.''||đermnoź||kolkmoź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||đirmemol||kulmokol
|}


'''Resultative past'''
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.


{|
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 
|-
|''1st sing.''||öđremo||ökloko
|-
|''2nd sing.''||öđremi||ökloki
|-
|''3rd sing.''||öđirem||ökulok
|-
|''1st plur.''||üđirmëm||ükulkëm
|-
|''2nd plur.''||üđermëź||ükolkëź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||öđiremol||ökulokol
|}


'''Plusquamperfect past'''
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


{|
{|-
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||vëđeremu||vëkoloku
|-
|-
|''2nd sing.''||vëđeremi||vëkoloki
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
|''3rd sing.''||vëđerem||vëkolok
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
|-
|''1st plur.''||vëđirmom||vëkulkom
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
|''2nd plur.''||vëđermoź||vëkolkoź
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
|''3rd plur.''||vëđiremul||vëkulokul
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|}
 
 
'''Future'''
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|-
|''1st sing.''||pëđermu||pëkolku
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
|''2nd sing.''||pëđermo||pëkolko
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
|''3rd sing.''||pëđirmu||pëkulku
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
|''1st plur.''||pëđirmom||pëkulkom
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
|''2nd plur.''||pëđirmoź||pëkolkoź
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
|''3rd plur.''||pëđirmul||pëkulkul
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


'''Future in the past'''
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
{|
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||pođeremu||pokoloku
|-
|''2nd sing.''||pođeremi||pokoloki
|-
|''3rd sing.''||pođerem||pokolok
|-
|''1st plur.''||pođirmom||pokulkom
|-
|''2nd plur.''||pođermoź||pokolkoź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||pođiremul||pokulokul
|}


'''Momentaneous present'''
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


{|
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:
|Person||1st declension||2nd declension
|-
|''1st sing.''||juđremu||jükläku
|-
|''2nd sing.''||jëđramu||jyklëku
|-
|''3rd sing.''||jëđrëmu||jyklëku
|-
|''1st plur.''||đramom||kläkum
|-
|''2nd plur.''||đramoź||kläkuź
|-
|''3rd plur.''||jađrëmul||jüklëkul
|}


* root: potr ''making''
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
** pteril: ''to do'', ''to make''
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)
* root: corp ''construction''
** crupul: ''to build''
** ocörpum: ''building''
** cërmepek: ''construction''
** tacrupul: ''rebuild''

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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