User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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===Interrogative pronouns===
===Interrogative pronouns===
The basic interrogative pronoun is:
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


{|-
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''
|-
 
| <small>''<center>who / what</center>''</small> || <center>țe̥h</center> || <center>ți̥h</center>
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
|}
 
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  
 
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.


It displays no morphological distinction between animate or inanimate referents. It displays a complete declension and it is declined with the same endings as the nominal declension.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 


The numeral ending, conversely, is chosen according to the animacy of the referent. If the referent's animacy is unclear, the inanimate ending is automatically chosen:
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


{|-
{|-
| || colspan="3" | <small>''<center>who / what''</small>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center>  || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''animate plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''inanimate plural''</small></center>
|-
| <small>''<center>nominative</center>''</small> || kaa || kaažo || kaahuu
|-
| <small>''<center>accusative</center>''</small> || kaano || kaažono || kaahuuno
|-
| <small>''<center>genitive</center>''</small> || kaarra || kaažorra || kaahuurra
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>dative</center>''</small> || kaahoo || kaažohoo || kaahuuhoo
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>ablative</center>''</small> || kaaśu || kaažośu || kaahuuśu
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>instrumental</center>''</small> || kaaddoo || kaažoddoo || kaahuuddoo
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>locative</center>''</small> || kaamu || kaažomu || kaahuumu
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>allative</center>''</small> || kaamo || kaažomo || kaahuumo
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>delative</center>''</small> || kaama || kaažoma || kaahuuma
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>benefactive</center>''</small> || kaaga || kaažoga || kaahuuga
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>causative</center>''</small> || kaabbuu || kaažobbuu || kaahuubbuu
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>abessive</center>''</small> || kaajjo || kaažojjo || kaahuujjo
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>essive</center>''</small> || kaawaa || kaažowaa || kaahuuwaa
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| <small>''<center>comparative</center>''</small> || kaahha || kaažohha || kaahuuhha
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|-
| <small>''<center>contrastive</center>''</small> || kaakka || kaažokka || kaahuukka
|-
| <small>''<center>partitive</center>''</small> || kaappuu || kaažoppuu || kaahuuppuu
|}
|}


Declined forms can take different interrogative meaning, usually depending on the context:
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
* kaamu: where (<small>static location</small>)
* kaamo: where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* kaama: where... from (<small>motion form</small>)
* kaabbuu: why (<small>which cause</small>)
 
An interrogative adjective is built through the adjectival ending -je/-jo:


* kaajo : which
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


Other interrogative forms are built through specific nouns.
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:


Within an interrogative clause, pronouns usually are usually placed in their syntactical position, according to their role, but in the later period they tend to be moved at the beginning of the sentence.
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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