User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
No edit summary
No edit summary
 
(34 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
===Interrogative pronouns===
===Interrogative pronouns===
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different forms: one for animate entities (<small>''who?''</small>) and one for inanimate entities (<small>''what?''</small>).
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


*''what'': sä
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*''who'': xa
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


Both pronouns display only the singular number forms.
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.


  gö xa guŕähir süci?
  '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
  <small>whom did you give water to?</small>
  <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  


There are also other interrogative pronouns (and adverbs):
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.


* säruɕ: where (<small>static location and motion toward</small>)
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
* säruk: why (<small>cause</small>)
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small>
* säcuho: when
* sämün: how much
* säŕap: how


There are also the following interrogative adjectives:
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


* sähə: which
{|-
* sämüni: how much / many
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}


In earlier texts the interrogative adjective xahə can be found, which is placed exclusively before nouns referring to animate entities. Usage of this form is regarded as obsolete in the modern language.  
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:


Such adjectives, like the demonstrative adjectives, tend to be placed before their nouns and they are never used with the article.
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


Within an interrogative clause, pronouns usually are usually moved at the beginning of the sentence. Their syntactical position is regarded as extremely marked.
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:


sämüninə çähinə xehīxir?
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
<small>how many sheep do you have?</small>
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)
 
In addition,  like other parts of the sentences, they can be introduced by prepositions:  
 
gü xa sähiŕuhir?
<small>whom are you talking about?</small>

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
Retrieved from "http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII&oldid=175196"