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===Interrogative pronouns===
===Interrogative pronouns===
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different forms: one for animate entities (<small>''who?''</small>) and one for inanimate entities (<small>''what?''</small>).
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


*''what'': šwe
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*''who'': šwor
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


Both pronouns can be declined, with the nominal declension endings, according to their animacy class.
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.


  šwoš kwov ših ačiǧid jẽr?
  '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
  <small>whom did you give water to?</small>
  <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  


However, the inanimate interrogative pronoun display an irregular nominative form, which is identical to the accusative form:
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.


  šwe nwožr?
  '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
  <small>what do you want?</small>
  <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small>


There are also other interrogative pronouns (and adverbs):
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


* šweč: where (<small>static location and motion toward</small>)
{|-
* šwex: why (<small>cause</small>)
|-
* šwer: when
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
* šwemĩr: how much
|-
* šwemwẽ: how
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}


There are also the following interrogative adjectives:
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:


* šweɣur (<small>šweg</small>): which
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
* šwemĩɣur (<small>šwemĩg</small>): how much / many
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


Such adjectives, like the demonstrative adjectives, tend to be placed before their nouns and they are never used with the prepositive articles. Moreover, they are never declined, except for some archaic fixed expressions.
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:


šamêɣə çâjînə lîβəh?
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
<small>how many trees do you see?</small>
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)
 
Within an interrogative clause, pronouns usually are usually moved at the beginning of the sentence. Their syntactical position is regarded as extremely marked or archaic. In addition,  like other parts of the sentences, they can be followed by postpositions:  
 
šwoš no čwiwňid wẽr?
<small>whom are you talking about?</small>

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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