User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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====Passive diathesis====
===Interrogative pronouns===
The ''passive diathesis'' displays only compound forms, in every mood and tense. These forms are always built through the auxiliary verb qɛňika, ''to be'' with the various forms of the passive participle.
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


The usage of the different moods and tenses is exactly the same as the active diathesis. Notably, modal forms are conveyed by the auxiliary verb, while the aspectual and temporal forms are conveyed only by the participles.
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


Moreover, the passive participle always agrees with the subject of the sentence in number.
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.


Examples:
  '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
  çũžõ qɛňikažõ çiçacukỹ
  <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  
  <small>the fields will be cultivated</small>


=====Indicative mood=====
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
|-
| '''''present''''' || indicative present forms of qɛňika + present passive participle
|-
| '''''imperfect'''''  || indicative imperfect forms of qɛňika + present passive participle
|-
| '''''future'''''  || indicative future forms of qɛňika + present passive participle
|-
| '''''past'''''  || indicative present forms of qɛňika + past passive participle
|-
| '''''pluperfect'''''  || indicative imperfect forms of qɛňika + present past participle
|-
| '''''anterior future''''' || indicative future forms of qɛňika + present past participle
|}


Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> person singular form of the verb čö̃kika, ''to thank'', is shown</small>):
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small>


{| class="wikitable"
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
|-
| '''''present'''''  || qɛňə čö̃kuki, ...
|-
| '''''imperfect'''''  || qaqɛňə čö̃kuki, ...
|-
| '''''future'''''  || qɛňikažə čö̃kuki, ...
|-
| '''''past'''''  || qɛňə qačö̃kuki, ...
|-
| '''''pluperfect'''''  || qaqɛňə qačö̃kuki, ...
|-
| '''''anterior future'''''  || qɛňikažə qačö̃kuki, ...
|}


=====Conditional mood=====
{|-
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| '''''present''''' || conditional present forms of qɛňika + present passive participle
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
|-
| '''''imperfect''''' || conditional imperfect forms of qɛňika + present passive participle
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| '''''past''''' || conditional present forms of qɛňika + past passive participle
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| '''''pluperfect''''' || conditional imperfect forms of qɛňika + present past participle
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|}
 
Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> person singular form of the verb čö̃kika, ''to thank'', is shown</small>):
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| '''''present''''' || qɛňoçə čö̃kuki, ...
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| '''''imperfect''''' || qaqɛňoçə čö̃kuki, ...
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| '''''past''''' || qɛňoçə qačö̃kuki, ...
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| '''''pluperfect''''' || qaqɛňoçə qačö̃kuki, ...
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|}
 
=====Imperative mood=====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|-
| '''''present''''' || imperative present forms of qɛňika + present passive participle
|}
|}


Examples (<small>for each tense only the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> person singular form of the verb čö̃kika, ''to thank'', is shown</small>):
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:


{| class="wikitable"
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
|-
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)
|-
| '''''present'''''  || qɛňöňə čö̃kuki, ...
|}


=====Infinitive mood=====
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:  
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Construction''</small></center>
|-
| '''''imperfective present'''''  || imperfective present passive participle + infinitive forms of qäɳika
|-
| '''''imperfective past'''''  || imperfective past passive participle + infinitive  forms of qäɳika
|-
| '''''perfective present'''''  || perfective present passive participle + infinitive  forms of qäɳika
|-
| '''''perfective past'''''  || perfective past passive participle + infinitive  forms of qäɳika
|}
 
Examples:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''Tense''</small></center> || <center><small>''Example''</small></center>
|-
| '''''imperfective present'''''  || śośiruki qäɳika
|-
| '''''imperfective past'''''  || qaśośiruki qäɳika
|-
| '''''imperfective present'''''  || śiśoruki qäɳika
|-
| '''''imperfective past'''''  || qaśiśoruki qäɳika
|}


The forms in this diathesis are regarded as essentially regular, being the only irregularities in the participial formation.
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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