User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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======Active participle======
===Interrogative pronouns===
The '''active participle''' displays a ''present'' and a ''past'' form, both simple. It is marked by the infinitival ending. It is formed by placing the active participial ending, while the past form is also formed through the augment, qa-:
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


{| class="wikitable"
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
|-
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''conj. I''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''conj. II''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''conj. III''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''conj. IV''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''conj. V''</small></center>
|-
| ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>čö̃kjytə</center> || <center>civojytə</center> || <center>bɛðöjytə</center> || <center>žemõjytə</center> || <center>tumajytə</center>
|-
| ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>qačö̃kjytə</center> || <center>qacivojytə</center> || <center>qaβɛðöjytə</center> || <center>qažemõjytə</center> || <center>qatumajytə</center>
|}


There are, however, a sizeable amount of irregular verbs in each conjugation for the active participle. Irregularities are essentially caused by the alteration of the final root consonant (<small>often by dropping the semivowel -j- and palatalizing the preceding consonant</small>) and by the augment in the past form. Such irregularities are clearly shown in the dictionary. Among these verbs the conjugation of some verbs, with non-specifical irregularities, is shown:
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''ňamjycika''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''döqeh́ika''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''šỹkika''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''dävörika''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''očezika''</small></center>
|-
| ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>qaňamjy'''ʎ'''ytə</center> || <center>qa'''ð'''öqe'''ž'''ytə</center>|| <center>qa'''ž'''ỹkjytə</center> || <center>qa'''ð'''ävörjytə</center> || <center>q'''e'''če'''s'''jytə</center>
|}


The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>


Il participio attivo è una forma verbale aggettivale che si usa insieme ad un nome per indicare che svolge attivamente un’azione. Può essere usato anche per formare le proposizioni relative, anche se raramente.
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.
In quanto forma aggettivale, il participio attivo può essere declinato come tale, ma viene utilizzato in forma indeclinata nella coniugazione verbale con il verbo ausiliare ševöka.


'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> 


As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


======Passive participle======
{|-
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
|-
|-
| style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 170px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 170px;"| <center>''<small>subjunctive</small>''</center> || style="width: 170px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>śośiruki</center> || <center>śośiriɳuki</center> || <center>śośiroçuki</center>
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>imp. past</small>'' || <center>qaśośiruki</center> || <center>qaśośiriɳuki</center> || <center>qaśośiroçuki</center>
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>śiśoruki</center> || <center>śiśoriɳuki</center> || <center>śiśoroçuki</center>
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>imp. past</small>'' || <center>qaśiśoruki</center> || <center>qaśiśoriɳuki</center> || <center>qaśiśoroçuki</center>
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
It is often used as an adjective and to build relative clauses:


xäl qownaʂu qaloljyçukili hjyroli
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
<small>the man seen by the woman</small>
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


It is also largely used in the verbal conjugation, in the construction of the passive diathesis forms.
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:


As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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