User:Bukkia/sandboxVIII: Difference between revisions

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====Non-finite forms====
===Interrogative pronouns===
The non-finite verbal forms are:  
Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:


=====Infinitive=====
*<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-'''
It is regarded as the citation form of the verb, and it is not conjugated in person or number. It has, however, a present and a past form, both simple. It is marked by the infinitival ending.  '''infinitive''' displays two tenses, both simple, the ''present'' and the ''past''. It is formed by placing the infinitival ending, while the past form is also formed through the augment, qa-:
*<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-'''


{| class="wikitable"
When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''.
|-
 
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''conj. I''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''conj. II''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''conj. III''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''conj. IV''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''conj. V''</small></center>
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme'''
|-
<small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small>  
| ''<small>present</small>'' || <center>čö̃kika</center> || <center>civöka</center> || <center>bɛðyka</center> || <center>žemö̃ka</center> || <center>tumɛka</center>
|-
| ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>qačö̃kika</center> || <center>qacivöka</center> || <center>qaβɛðyka</center> || <center>qažemö̃ka</center> || <center>qatumɛka</center>
|}


There are, however, a certain amount of irregular verbs in each conjugation for the past infinitive. Irregularities are essentially caused by the augment. Such irregularities are clearly shown in the dictionary. Among these verbs the conjugation of some verbs, with non-specifical irregularities, is shown:
When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''.


{| class="wikitable"
'''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi'''
|-
<small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small>
| style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''šỹkika''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''dävörika''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''očezika''</small></center>
|-
| ''<small>past</small>'' || <center>qa'''ž'''ỹkika</center> || <center>qa'''ð'''ävörika</center> || <center>q'''e'''čezika</center>
|}


The infinitive is a nominal form of a verb. It is used as a verbal noun in sentences, and it can be declined. It is regarded as an indeclinable noun.
As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.


=====Active participle=====
{|-
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 170px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 170px;"| <center>''<small>subjunctive</small>''</center> || style="width: 170px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
| || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>śośirjyto</center> || <center>śośiriňyto</center> || <center>śośiročyto</center>
| style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>  
|-
|-
| ''<small>imp. past</small>'' || <center>qaśośirjyto</center> || <center>qaśośiriňyto</center> || <center>qaśośiročyto</center>
| <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>śiśorjyto</center> || <center>śiśoriňyto</center> || <center>śiśoročyto</center>
| <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>imp. past</small>'' || <center>qaśiśorjyto</center> || <center>qaśiśoriňyto</center> || <center>qaśiśoročyto</center>
| <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu'''
|-
|-
|}
| <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu'''
 
The active participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which actively perform an action.
 
All modal infixes merge with the active participle ending:
*-iɳ- + -jyto = -iňyto
*-oç- + -jyto = -očyto
 
It is usually used to build relative clauses, in which the subject is the linked noun, and the direct object is declined in the ''ablative'' case:
 
qownaʂu qaloljyçočytoli hjyroli
<small>the man which might have seen the woman</small>
 
As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
 
=====Passive participle=====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 60px;"| || style="width: 170px;"| <center>''<small>indicative</small>''</center> || style="width: 170px;"| <center>''<small>subjunctive</small>''</center> || style="width: 170px;"| <center>''<small>conditional</small>''</center>
|-
|-
| ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>śośiruki</center> || <center>śośiriɳuki</center> || <center>śośiroçuki</center>
| <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>imp. past</small>'' || <center>qaśośiruki</center> || <center>qaśośiriɳuki</center> || <center>qaśośiroçuki</center>
| <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>imp. pres.</small>'' || <center>śiśoruki</center> || <center>śiśoriɳuki</center> || <center>śiśoroçuki</center>
| <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə'''
|-
|-
| ''<small>imp. past</small>'' || <center>qaśiśoruki</center> || <center>qaśiśoriɳuki</center> || <center>qaśiśoroçuki</center>
| <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma'''
|-
|-
| <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa'''
|}
|}


The passive participle is an adjectival form of a verb. It is used as a verbal adjective in sentences, and it can be declined. It is linked to nouns which undergo an action, or inactively are in a certain state.
The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:
 
It is often used as an adjective and to build relative clauses:


xäl qownaʂu qaloljyçukili hjyroli
* '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>)
<small>the man seen by the woman</small>
* '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>)


It is also largely used in the verbal conjugation, in the construction of the passive diathesis forms.
These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:


As an adjectival form, it displays a complete declension, to agree with the class of the referred noun.
* '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>)
* '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>)

Latest revision as of 02:22, 26 September 2025

Interrogative pronouns

Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots:

  • quality: ṫjejm-
  • quantity: sjowp-

When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix -e-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -e- → ṫjejme
interr. → what?, who?

When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix -i-. 

ṫjejm- → ṫjejm- + -i- → ṫjejmi
interr. → which?

As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun.

who? / what?
how much? / how many?
singular
plural
singular
plural
ergative
 ṫjejmek̇ə ṫjejmejk̇ə sjowpek̇ə sjowpejk̇ə
absolutive
 ṫjejme ṫjejmej sjowpe sjowpej
possessive
 ṫjejmeṗu ṫjejmejṗu sjowpeṗu sjowpejṗu
terminative
 ṫjejmeʈu ṫjejmejʈu sjowpeʈu sjowpejʈu
ablative
 ṫjejmeʡo ṫjejmejʡo sjowpeʡo sjowpejʡo
causative
 ṫjejmeno ṫjejmejno sjowpeno sjowpejno
benefactive
 ṫjejmepə ṫjejmejpə sjowpepə sjowpejpə
instrumental
 ṫjejmema ṫjejmejma sjowpema sjowpejma
locative
 ṫjejmewa ṫjejmejwa sjowpewa sjowpejwa

The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case:

  • ṫjejmewa: where (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu: where (motion toward)
  • ṫjejmeno : why (cause)

These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns:

  • ṫjejmewa weʡewa: in which place (static location)
  • ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu: in which place (motion toward)
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