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| {{main|Höśikə}}
| | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| This page gives an extensive description of '''Höśikə morphological''' features.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
| ==Nouns== | |
| Nouns in Höśikə language can end either in a vowel or in a consonant, although there is a marked tendency for the vocalic ending. Nouns ending in a consonant usually add a euphonic vowel before the normal declension endings.
| |
|
| |
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| Nouns display neither gender nor class distinction. Nouns are divided and categorized in six declension groups, each distinguished by the plural formation and the last phoneme of the word.
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
|
| |
|
| There are, moreover, two morphological numbers for almost all nouns, '''singular''' and '''plural''', and a limited case system. Nouns also display two forms, the '''indefinite form''' and the '''definite form''', the latter being built by adding the ''postposed definite article''.
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
|
| |
|
| ===Cases===
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| Höśikə nouns do decline, according to a ''nominative-accusative'' system with '''2 cases''':
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 110px;"| <center>''Case''</center> || <center>''Meaning''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''Direct''' || <small>This case marks both the subject and the direct object of a verb. It can be also used with some prepositions. It is regarded as the base form of the noun, and it is used as the vocative form.</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''Oblique''' || <small>It has no specifical meaning and it is generally used only with prepositions. It can be occasionally used without prepositions, with some verbs, and it may mark the indirect object in some kinds of pronouns.</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Articles===
| |
| There is only one article, the '''definite article''', which is placed after the first element in the noun cluster as a suffixal form. It agrees with the noun cluster only in number.
| |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-žə / -ɛž</center> || <center>-žõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the singular direct case two forms of the article are listed. The choice between the two forms depends on the last phoneme of the definite word:
| |
| *žə is placed after a word ending with a vowel.
| |
| *ɛž is placed after a word ending with a consonant.
| |
| | |
| A noun or another element with the definite article attached is regarded as being in its ''definite form''. A noun or another element without the article is regarded as being in its ''indefinite form''.
| |
| | |
| When a noun cluster has more than one element, the article is attached only to the first element. Other elements remain in their indefinite form.
| |
| | |
| kɛvə - kɛvəžə
| |
| <small>a wolf - the wolf</small>
| |
| | |
| ruqažə qokjə rimusjyti
| |
| <small>the good old shepherd</small>
| |
| | |
| ===Noun declension===
| |
| Nouns are divided in six groups for nominal declension. These groups are commonly called '''declensions'''. Such declensions are distinguished by the last phoneme of the singular direct case form, by the formation of plural forms and by the added phonemes within the declension process.
| |
| | |
| As a whole, plural formation is marked by nasalisation of the last vocalic phoneme. Some declension are further divided in subgroups.
| |
| | |
| Nouns are declined, moreover, in case by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun:
| |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || -šy
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====First declension====
| |
| First declension nouns end in a ''simple vowel'' in their base form.
| |
| | |
| This vowel is ''nasalized'' in the plural forms, but it remains unaffected in its quality in both case and plural formation. All patterns involve, thus, a ''single vowel'':
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''base''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular oblique''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-a</center> || <center>-a</center> || <center>-ã</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ä</center> || <center>-ä</center> || <center>-ä̃</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ɛ</center> || <center>-ɛ</center> || <center>-ɛ̃</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-o</center> || <center>-o</center> || <center>-õ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ö</center> || <center>-ö</center> || <center>-ö̃</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-u</center> || <center>-u</center> || <center>-ũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ü</center> || <center>-ü</center> || <center>-ü̃</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Example: sopa, ''dog''.
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center><small>''singular''</small></center> || colspan="2" | <center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || sopa || sopažə || sopã || sopãžõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || sopašy || sopašyžə || sopãšy || sopãšyžõ
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Second declension====
| |
| Second declension nouns end in a ''simple vowel'' in their base form.
| |
| | |
| This vowel is ''nasalized'' in the plural forms, and it undergoes some kind of alteration in quality in either case or plural formation.
| |
| | |
| =====Subgroup A=====
| |
| The final vowel remains unaffected in quality in the singular, but it undergoes a change in quality in the plural, together with nasalisation. All patterns involve, thus, ''two vowels'':
| |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''base''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular oblique''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-i</center> || <center>-i</center> || <center>-ỹ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Example: čeri, ''bridge''.
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center><small>''singular''</small></center> || colspan="2" | <center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || čeri || čerižə || čerỹ || čerỹžõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || čerišy || čerišyžə || čerỹšy || čerỹšyžõ
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Subgroup B=====
| |
| The final vowel rundergoes a change in quality both in the singular and in the plural, together with nasalisation. All patterns involve, thus, ''two vowels'':
| |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''base''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular oblique''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ə</center> || <center>-o</center> || <center>-õ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-y</center> || <center>-u</center> || <center>-ũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Example: ɛcə, ''year''.
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center><small>''singular''</small></center> || colspan="2" | <center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || ɛcə || ɛcəžə || ɛcõ || ɛcõžõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || ɛcošy || ɛcošyžə || ɛcõšy || ɛcõšyžõ
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Subgroup C=====
| |
| The final vowel (<small>usually preceded by the semivowel -j-</small>) undergoes a first change in quality in the singular, then it undergoes a further change and in the plural, together with nasalisation. All patterns involve, thus, ''three vowels'':
| |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''base''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular oblique''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ə</center> || <center>-e</center> || <center>-ỹ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Example: ħukjə, ''bear''.
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center><small>''singular''</small></center> || colspan="2" | <center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || ħukjə || ħukjəžə || ħukjỹ || ħukjỹžõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || ħukješy || ħukješyžə || ħukjỹšy || ħukjỹšyžõ
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Third declension====
| |
| Third declension nouns end in a ''consonant'' in their base form.
| |
| | |
| A vowel is added withing declension. This vowel is ''nasalized'' in the plural forms, and it may undergo some kind of alteration in quality in either case or plural formation.
| |
| | |
| =====Subgroup A=====
| |
| The vowel -ɛ- is added. This vowel is ''nasalized'' in the plural forms, but it remains unaffected in its quality in both case and plural formation. All patterns involve, thus, a ''single vowel'':
| |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''base''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular oblique''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-</center> || <center>-ɛ</center> || <center>-ɛ̃</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Example: uħetnỹm, ''stylus''.
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center><small>''singular''</small></center> || colspan="2" | <center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || uħetnỹm || uħetnỹmɛž || uħetnỹmɛ̃ || uħetnỹmɛ̃žõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || uħetnỹmɛšy || uħetnỹmɛšyžə || uħetnỹmɛ̃šy || uħetnỹmɛ̃šyžõ
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Subgroup B=====
| |
| The vowel -e- is added. This vowel undergoes a change in quality and it is ''nasalized'' in the plural forms. All patterns involve, thus, ''two vowels'':
| |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''base''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular oblique''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-</center> || <center>-e</center> || <center>-ỹ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Example: büts, ''leg''.
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center><small>''singular''</small></center> || colspan="2" | <center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || büts || bütsɛž || bütsỹ || bütsỹžõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || bütsešy || bütsešyžə || bütsỹšy || bütsỹšyžõ
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Fourth declension====
| |
| Fourth declension nouns end in a ''nasal vowel'' in their base form.
| |
| | |
| This vowel remains ''unaffected'' in quality and nasalisation in both case and plural formation. All patterns involve, thus, a ''single vowel'':
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''base''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular oblique''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ã</center> || <center>-ã</center> || <center>-ã</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ä̃</center> || <center>-ä̃</center> || <center>-ä̃</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ɛ̃</center> || <center>-ɛ̃</center> || <center>-ɛ̃</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ə̃</center> || <center>-ə̃</center> || <center>-ə̃</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-õ</center> || <center>-õ</center> || <center>-õ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ö̃</center> || <center>-ö̃</center> || <center>-ö̃</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ũ</center> || <center>-ũ</center> || <center>-ũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ü̃</center> || <center>-ü̃</center> || <center>-ü̃</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ỹ</center> || <center>-ỹ</center> || <center>-ỹ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Example: śuqɛ̃, ''woman''.
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center><small>''singular''</small></center> || colspan="2" | <center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || śuqɛ̃ || śuqɛ̃žə || śuqɛ̃ || śuqɛ̃žõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || śuqɛ̃šy || śuqɛ̃šyžə || śuqɛ̃šy || śuqɛ̃šyžõ
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As it can be easily noticed, nouns belonging to this declension do not actually distinguish the singular the plural number in their indefinite form. In such cases, distinction in number is made by other elements in the sentence, like adjectives or verbs.
| |
| | |
| śuqɛ̃ cöraq - śuqɛ̃ cöraqõ
| |
| <small>a woman is running - some women are running</small>
| |
| | |
| ====Fifth declension====
| |
| Fifth declension nouns end in a ''nasal vowel'' in their base form.
| |
| | |
| This vowel remains ''unaffected'' in nasalisation in the plural, but it undergoes a change in quality in case formation in the singular. All patterns involve, thus, ''two vowels'':
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''base''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular oblique''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ẽ</center> || <center>-ẽ</center> || <center>-ỹ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ĩ</center> || <center>-ĩ</center> || <center>-ỹ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Example: rjeħẽ, ''river''.
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center><small>''singular''</small></center> || colspan="2" | <center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || rjeħẽ || rjeħẽžə || rjeħỹ || rjeħỹžõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || rjeħẽšy || rjeħẽšyžə || rjeħỹšy || rjeħỹšyžõ
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Sixth declension====
| |
| Sixth declension nouns do not display a regular declension pattern. This conjugation encompasses every noun which does not fit in the previous regular declensions.
| |
| | |
| Since it does not display a default pattern, the few sixth declension nouns are regarded as inherently ''irregular''. The indefinite singular oblique form and the indefinite direct plural form are clearly mentioned in the dictionary.
| |
| | |
| ==Adjectives and pronouns==
| |
| Adjectives closely resemble the noun form, usually showing the same exceptions of nouns. Pronouns, instead, may exhibit different forms in the root form.
| |
| ===Adjectives===
| |
| Attributive adjectives are always placed '''before''' the nouns they specify, while predicative adjectives are always placed ''after'' them of after the verb.
| |
| | |
| höpäžə jyrə
| |
| <small>the young man</small>
| |
| | |
| jyrəžə qɛň höpä
| |
| <small>the man is young</small>
| |
| | |
| All adjectives agree in case and number with the noun they specify, being declined with the nominal endings and folliwing the same declension groups of the nominal declension. Within the noun cluster they can take the definite form, if they are the first element in a definite noun cluster.
| |
| | |
| rjeqəžə sovə h́äc höpäšyžə jyrošy mjeqis qü̃ pikə ɛci
| |
| <small>the young man’s new house is located in the nearby village</small>
| |
| | |
| ====Declension of qualifying adjectives====
| |
| Adjectival declension follow the same rules as the nominal declension, with the same exceptions.
| |
| | |
| Example: śüri, ''big'', with sovə, ''house''
| |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center><small>''singular''</small></center> || colspan="2" | <center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 150px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || śüri sovə || śürižə sovə || śürỹ sovõ || śürỹžõ sovõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || śürišy sovošy || śürišyžə sovošy || śürỹšy sovõšy || śürỹšyžõ sovõšy
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Personal pronouns===
| |
| Personal pronouns feature a distinction between two forms for the oblique case. The first form (<small>named ''oblique<sub><small>1</small></sub>''</small>) is used for most roles of the case, and with every preposition requiring the oblique case. The second form (<small>named ''oblique<sub><small>2</small></sub>''</small>) is used as the indirect object of the clause, without any preposition.
| |
| | |
| The personal pronouns are:
| |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> sing.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''1<sup>st</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''2<sup>nd</sup> plur.''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''3<sup>rd</sup> plur.''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || hə || nɛ || ni || hõ || nɛ̃ || nỹ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''oblique<sub><small>1</small></sub>''</small></center> || hošy || nɛšy || nišy || hõšy || nɛ̃šy || nỹšy
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''oblique<sub><small>2</small></sub>''</small></center> || hoh́ɛ || nɛh́ɛ || nih́ɛ || hõh́ɛ || nɛ̃h́ɛ || nỹh́ɛ
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| No personal pronoun displays a definite form. Personal pronouns tend to stay in their logical syntactical position inside the sentence:
| |
| | |
| hə öš ševə qaljyločytə nɛ
| |
| <small>I didn't see you</small>
| |
| | |
| The forms for the genitive case cannot convey possession or belonging, conveying only other roles of such case. Either possession or belonging are conveyed through possessive adjectives or pronouns.
| |
| | |
| ==Numerals==
| |
| The numeral system relies on a decimal base.
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Cardinal numerals===
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| Each cardinal number displays both an indefinite and a definite form. The first ten cardinal numbers are noun-like forms on their own:
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''indefinite form''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''definite form''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''1'':</center> || śäqə || śäqəžə
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''2'':</center> || qaki || qakižõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''3'':</center> || mikö || miköžõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''4'':</center> || vö || vöžõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''5'':</center> || çäv || çävžõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''6'':</center> || dö || döžõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''7'':</center> || h́aśɛ || h́aśɛžõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''8'':</center> || cuq || cuqžõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''9'':</center> || tsoby || tsobyžõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''10'':</center> || bjeqə || bjeqəžõ
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| Numerals from 11 to 19 are built with the construction NUM + βjeqẽ, with some irregularities:
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| {|-
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''indefinite form''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''definite form''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''11'':</center> || śäqoβjeqẽ || śäqoβjeqẽžõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''12'':</center> || qakiβjeqẽ || qakiβjeqẽžõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''13'':</center> || miköβjeqẽ || miköβjeqẽžõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''14'':</center> || vöβjeqẽ || vöβjeqẽžõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''15'':</center> || çäveβjeqẽ || çäveβjeqẽžõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''16'':</center> || döβjeqẽ || döβjeqẽžõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''17'':</center> || h́aśɛβjeqẽ || h́aśɛβjeqẽžõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''18'':</center> || cuqeβjeqẽ || cuqeβjeqẽžõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''19'':</center> || tsobuβjeqẽ || tsobuβjeqẽžõ
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| The numerals for ''(one) hundred'' and ''(one) thousand'' are noun-like forms on their own:
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''indefinite form''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''definite form''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''100'':</center> || ňäħy || ňäħyžõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''1000'':</center> || iqä || iqäžõ
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| The numerals for the multiples of tens, hundreds and thousands are built with the construction NUM + βjeqõ / ňäħỹ / -iqä̃, with some irregularities. Moreover, the ending -iqä̃ sistematically merges with the preceding numerals, resulting mostly in inherently irregular forms:
| |
| {|- | | {|- |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small></small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''tens''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''hundreds''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''thousands''</small></center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''2x'':</small></center> || qakiβjeqõ || qakiňäħỹ || qakiqä̃
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''3x'':</small></center> || miköβjeqõ || miköňäħỹ || mikyqä̃
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''4x'':</small></center> || vöβjeqõ || vöňäħỹ || vyqä̃ | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''5x'':</small></center> || çäveβjeqõ || çäveňäħỹ || çäviqä̃ | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''6x'':</small></center> || döβjeqõ || döňäħỹ || dyqä̃ | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''7x'':</small></center> || h́aśɛβjeqõ || h́aśɛňäħỹ || h́aśyqä̃ | | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''8x'':</small></center> || cuqeβjeqõ || cuqeňäħỹ || cuqiqä̃
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''9x'':</small></center> || tsobuβjeqõ || tsobuňäħỹ || tsobüqä̃
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Definite forms of these numerals are regularly built by adding the postposed article -žõ.
| |
| | |
| All cardinal numerals up to these forms are meant as invariable in case. They can however be used without an adjoining noun in their definite forms:
| |
| iqäžõ
| |
| <small>the one thousand</small>
| |
| | |
| Composite numbers are built by just putting them beside, without any conjunction, in descending order:
| |
| *''1985'': iqä tsobuňäħỹ cuqeβjeqõ çäv
| |
| | |
| When a composite number displays its definite form, unlike other elements of the noun cluster, the postposed article is added to the last numeral.
| |
| | |
| mikyqä̃ qakiňäħỹžõ
| |
| <small>the three thousand and two hundred</small>
| |
| | |
| Numerals for “million” and “billion” are loanwords from Iðâɣ language:
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>''1,000,000'':</center> || šurẽtu (<small>from I. šúrěntu </small>) | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>''1,000,000,000'':</center> || mešurẽtu (<small>from I. mêšúrěntu </small>) | | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |} | |
| | |
| These forms are treated as regularly declinable nouns:
| |
| {|-
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>''3,000,000'':</center> || mikö šurẽtũ | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>''6,000,000,000'':</center> || dö mešurẽtũ | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| If these numerals are used as simple count forms, they are declined in the direct case. Within a structured sentence, they are declined according the case required by their syntactical role. Nouns adjoining such numerals are introduced by the preposition h́äc, they are declined in the oblique case, and they display their definite forms, if required:
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| | |
| šurẽtužə h́äc bükãšy
| |
| <small>the one million people</small>
| |
| | |
| kö qaki šurẽtũ h́äc bükãšy
| |
| <small>to the two billions people</small>
| |
| | |
| In the modern period the idea of “zero” is introduced from Iðâɣ language. This numeral is however usually limited to mathematics:
| |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''noun form''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''0'':</center> || ħesu (<small>from I. xesú</small>)
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Ordinal numerals===
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the adjectival ending -kə to the cardinal numeral form, with some irregularities:
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| {|-
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''adjective form''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''1<sup><small>st</small></sup>'':</center> || śäqokə
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''2<sup><small>nd</small></sup>'':</center> || qakikə
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''3<sup><small>rd</small></sup>'':</center> || mikökə
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''4<sup><small>th</small></sup>'':</center> || vökə
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''5<sup><small>th</small></sup>'':</center> || çävekə
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''6<sup><small>th</small></sup>'':</center> || dökə
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''7<sup><small>th</small></sup>'':</center> || h́aśɛkə
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''8<sup><small>th</small></sup>'':</center> || cuqekə
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''9<sup><small>th</small></sup>'':</center> || tsobukə
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''10<sup><small>th</small></sup>'':</center> || bjeqokə
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''11<sup><small>th</small></sup>'':</center> || śäqoβjeqẽkə
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''12<sup><small>th</small></sup>'':</center> || qakiβjeqẽkə
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''20<sup><small>th</small></sup>'':</center> || qakiβjeqõkə
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''60<sup><small>th</small></sup>'':</center> || döβjeqõkə
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''100<sup><small>th</small></sup>'':</center> || ňäħukə
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''300<sup><small>th</small></sup>'':</center> || miköňäħỹkə
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''9000<sup><small>th</small></sup>'':</center> || tsobüqä̃kə
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:
| |
| *''25<sup><small>th</small></sup>'': qakiβjeqõ çävekə | |
| | |
| As adjectives, they display a complete declension, with both indefinite and definite forms.
| |
| | |
| ===Fractional numerals===
| |
| Fractional numerals are formed by adding the derivative ending -vü to the cardinal numeral form, with the exceptions of the numeral ''one'', an irregular suppletive form, and some other irregularities:
| |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 40px;"| <center><small>''digit''</small></center> || <center><small>''full form''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''1'':</center> || -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''2'':</center> || cüβə
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''3'':</center> || mikövü
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''4'':</center> || vövü
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''5'':</center> || çävevü
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''6'':</center> || dövü
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''7'':</center> || h́aśɛvü
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''8'':</center> || cuqevü
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''9'':</center> || tsobuvü
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''10'':</center> || bjeqovü
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''11'':</center> || śäqoβjeqẽvü
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''12'':</center> || qakiβjeqẽvü
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''20'':</center> || qakiβjeqõvü
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''60'':</center> || döβjeqõvü
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''100'':</center> || ňäħuvü
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''300'':</center> || miköňäħỹvü
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>''9000'':</center> || tsobüqä̃vü
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| If the numeral form is composite, the ending is added only to the last numeral form:
| |
| *''25'': qakiβjeqõ çävevü
| |
| | |
| As nominal forms, they display a complete declension, with both indefinite and definite forms.
| |
| | |
| ==Verbs==
| |
| The verbal system of Höśikə language displays the following features:
| |
| | |
| *'''tense''':
| |
| **''simple tenses'': present, imperfect, future
| |
| **''compound tenses'': past, pluperfect, anterior future
| |
| *'''mood''':
| |
| **''definite moods'': indicative, conditional, imperative
| |
| **''indefinite moods'': infinitive, active participle, passive participle
| |
| *'''diathesis''': active, passive
| |
| | |
| Only in the indicative mood verbs can express all tenses. In other moods only a part of the tenses are expressed.
| |
| | |
| Past tenses are mostly marked by the prefix qa-, known as ''augment'', while non-past forms are unmarked. Conversely, the augment can be found also in the anterior future.
| |
| | |
| The citation form of verbs is the present infinitive, marked by the ending -Vka (<small>various vowels are possible</small>). From such form the present verbal root can be inferred and can be changed in every other verbal form.
| |
| | |
| Nouns are divided in five groups for verbal conjugation. These groups are commonly called '''conjugations'''.
| |
| | |
| In the present and imperfect tenses the following personal endings are added to the verbal root. In this way, verbs show their agreement with the clause subject in person and number. Endings do vary depending on the conjugation of the verb:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''conj. I''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''conj. II''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''conj. III''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''conj. IV''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''conj. V''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-ə</center> || <center>-ə</center> || <center>-ö</center> || <center>-õ</center> || rowspan="6" | <center><small>''irregular<br>conjugation<br>pattern''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-eh</center> || <center>-öh</center> || <center>-öh</center> || <center>-õh</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>-</center> || <center>-</center> || <center>-V</center> || <center>-Ṽ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-ə̃</center> || <center>-ə̃</center> || <center>-ö̃</center> || <center>-ö̃</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-ö̃h</center> || <center>-ö̃h</center> || <center>-ö̃h</center> || <center>-ö̃h</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>-õ</center> || <center>-õ</center> || <center>-ö̃</center> || <center>-ö̃</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In conjugation I and II, the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person is marked by a null ending (<small>or it is not marked by any ending at all</small>). In conjugation III and IV the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> singular person is always marked by a vowel, which is always nasal in conjugation IV. This vowel does vary in each verb. The latter two conjugations are also marked by a missing distinction between the the 1<sup><small>st</small></sup> plural person ending and the 3<sup><small>rd</small></sup> plural person ending.
| |
| | |
| Each conjugation has some irregular verb, usually with a limited amount of out-of-pattern forms. Verbs with a completely irregular pattern are included in conjugation V. Such irregular forms are specifically cited in the dictionary. Conversely, the future tense displays its own homogenenous conjugation pattern of endings.
| |
| | |
| Compound tenses are formed through an auxiliary verb (ševöka, ''to have'', or qɛňika, ''to be'') and forms of either active or passive participle. In active compound tenses, all transitive and reflexive verbs systematically choose the verb ševöka as auxiliary, while intransitive verbs may choose one of both verbs. There is no systemic rule regarding this choice.
| |
| | |
| Since the vast majority of verbs choose ševöka as an auxiliary verb, only verbs with qɛňika as auxiliary are clearly marked in the dictionary. In passive tenses, which are always compound, the auxiliary is invariably qɛňika.
| |
| | |
| The different moods are formed by adding the following infixes to the verbal root, before the personal endings:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''conj. I''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''conj. II''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''conj. III''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''conj. IV''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''conj. V''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>indicative</small>'' || <center>Ø</center> || <center>Ø</center> || <center>Ø</center> || <center>Ø</center> || <center>Ø</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>subjunctive</small>'' || <center>-oç-</center> || <center>-oç-</center> || <center>-öç-</center> || <center>-õç-</center> || <center>-Vç- / -Ṽç-</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | ''<small>imperative</small>'' || <center>-iň-</center> || <center>-öň-</center> || <center>-yň-</center> || <center>-ö̃ň-</center> || <center>-Vň- / -Ṽň-</center>
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| The non-finite verbal forms are meant as nominal/adjectival forms of the same verbs. They do not add the personal endings, but they are declined as nouns or adjectives with the nominal declension endings. As verbal forms, they can, however, take the augment.
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| The non-finite endings are:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''conj. I''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''conj. II''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''conj. III''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''conj. IV''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''conj. V''</small></center>
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| | ''<small>infinitive</small>'' || <center>-ika</center> || <center>-öka</center> || <center>-yka</center> || <center>-ö̃ka</center> || <center>-Vka / -Ṽka</center>
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| | ''<small>active participle</small>'' || <center>-jytə / -ytə</center> || <center>-ojytə</center> || <center>-öjytə</center> || <center>-õjytə</center> || <center>-Vjytə / -Ṽjytə</center>
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| | ''<small>passive participle</small>'' || <center>-uki</center> || <center>-uki</center> || <center>-üki</center> || <center>-ü̃ki</center> || <center>-Vki / -Ṽki</center>
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| |}
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| The infinitival form is meant as an indeclinable noun.
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| ===Conjugation of regular verbs===
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| Sample verbs: čö̃kika, ''to thank'' (conjugation I), civöka, ''to come'' (conjugation II), bɛðyka, ''to fly'' (conjugation III), žemö̃ka, ''to eat'' (conjugation IV), tumɛka, ''to drink'' (conjugation V).
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| Among these sample verbs, čö̃kika, žemö̃ka, and tumɛka are transitive and choose ševöka as an auxiliary verb. The verbs civöka and bɛðyka, conversely, are intransitive and choose qɛňika as an auxiliary verb.
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| Conjugation V is regarded as inherently irregular, and the verb tumɛka is not meant as representative of a fixed conjugation pattern for all verbs in this conjugation.
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| ====Active diathesis====
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| =====Indicative mood=====
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| ======Present tense======
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| The '''present''' is a simple tense. The personal endings are added to the verbal roots:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''conj. I''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''conj. II''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''conj. III''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''conj. IV''</small></center> || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''conj. V''</small></center>
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>čö̃kə</center> || <center>civə</center> || <center>bɛðö</center> || <center>žemõ</center> || <center>tumə</center>
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>čö̃keh</center> || <center>civöh</center> || <center>bɛðöh</center> || <center>žemõh</center> || <center>tumɛh</center>
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>čö̃k</center> || <center>civ</center> || <center>bɛðö</center> || <center>žemõ</center> || <center>tuma</center>
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>čö̃kə̃</center> || <center>civə̃</center> || <center>bɛðö̃</center> || <center>žemö̃</center> || <center>tumö̃</center>
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>čö̃kö̃h</center> || <center>civö̃h</center> || <center>bɛðö̃h</center> || <center>žemö̃h</center> || <center>tumö̃h</center>
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>čö̃kõ</center> || <center>civõ</center> || <center>bɛðö̃</center> || <center>žemö̃</center> || <center>tumö̃</center>
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| |}
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| Per ogni coniugazione esistono un certo numero di verbi irregolari al presente indicativo. Le irregolarità vengono esplicitamente indicate nel dizionario. Vengono forniti qui alcuni esempi di verbi con irregolarità non specifiche:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| | style="width: 70px;"| || style="width: 150px;"| <center><small>''cü̃zika''</small></center>
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cü̃zə</center> || <center>tsɛvə</center>
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cü̃zeh</center> || <center>tsɛvöh</center>
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> sing.</small>'' || <center>cü̃'''s'''</center> || <center>tsɛv</center>
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| | ''<small>1<sup>st</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cü̃zə̃</center> || <center>tsɛvə̃</center>
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| | ''<small>2<sup>nd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cü̃zö̃h</center> || <center>tsɛvö̃h</center>
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| | ''<small>3<sup>rd</sup> plur.</small>'' || <center>cü̃zõ</center> || <center>tsɛv'''ö̃'''</center>
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| |}
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| Nella prima coniugazione, tuttavia, si può notare la presenza di uno specifico sottogruppo, la cui unica irregolarità è la caduta dell’ultima consonante della radice, -m-, e la nasalizzazione della vocale precedente. Le restanti forme sono, ad ogni modo, regolari.
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
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| Sample verb: djemika, ''to appear, to look like''.
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| I coniug. in -m-
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| 1° sing. djemə
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| 2° sing. djemeh
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| 3° sing. djẽ
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| 1° plur. djemə̃
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| 2° plur. djemö̃h
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| 3° plur. djemõ
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