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| {{main|Höśikə}}
| | ===Interrogative pronouns=== |
| This page gives an extensive description of '''Höśikə morphological''' features.
| | Basic interrogative pronouns display two different roots: |
| ==Nouns== | |
| Nouns in Höśikə language can end either in a vowel or in a consonant, although there is a marked tendency for the vocalic ending. Nouns ending in a consonant usually add a euphonic vowel before the normal declension endings.
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| Nouns display neither gender nor class distinction. Nouns are divided and categorized in six declension groups, each distinguished by the plural formation and the last phoneme of the word.
| | *<small>''quality'':</small> '''ṫjejm-''' |
| | *<small>''quantity'':</small> '''sjowp-''' |
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| |
|
| There are, moreover, two morphological numbers for almost all nouns, '''singular''' and '''plural''', and a limited case system. Nouns also display two forms, the '''indefinite form''' and the '''definite form''', the latter being built by adding the ''postposed definite article''.
| | When taking a noun role, the root is usually expanded by the nominal suffix '''-e-'''. |
|
| |
|
| ===Cases===
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-e-''' → '''ṫjejme''' |
| Höśikə nouns do decline, according to a ''nominative-accusative'' system with '''2 cases''':
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''what?, who?''</small> |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 110px;"| <center>''Case''</center> || <center>''Meaning''</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''Direct''' || <small>This case marks both the subject and the direct object of a verb. It can be also used with some prepositions. It is regarded as the base form of the noun, and it is used as the vocative form.</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''Oblique''' || <small>It has no specifical meaning and it is generally used only with prepositions. It can be occasionally used without prepositions, with some verbs, and it may mark the indirect object in some kinds of pronouns.</small>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Articles===
| |
| There is only one article, the '''definite article''', which is placed after the first element in the noun cluster as a suffixal form. It agrees with the noun cluster only in number.
| |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-žə / -ɛž</center> || <center>-žõ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| In the singular direct case two forms of the article are listed. The choice between the two forms depends on the last phoneme of the definite word:
| |
| *žə is placed after a word ending with a vowel.
| |
| *ɛž is placed after a word ending with a consonant.
| |
| | |
| A noun or another element with the definite article attached is regarded as being in its ''definite form''. A noun or another element without the article is regarded as being in its ''indefinite form''.
| |
| | |
| When a noun cluster has more than one element, the article is attached only to the first element. Other elements remain in their indefinite form.
| |
| | |
| kɛvə - kɛvəžə
| |
| <small>a wolf - the wolf</small> | |
| | |
| ruqažə qokjə rimusjyti
| |
| <small>the good old shepherd</small>
| |
| | |
| ===Noun declension===
| |
| Nouns are divided in six groups for nominal declension. These groups are commonly called '''declensions'''. Such declensions are distinguished by the last phoneme of the singular direct case form, by the formation of plural forms and by the added phonemes within the declension process.
| |
| | |
| As a whole, plural formation is marked by nasalisation of the last vocalic phoneme. Some declension are further divided in subgroups.
| |
| | |
| Nouns are declined, moreover, in case by adding the following endings to the base form of the noun:
| |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"| <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"| -
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || -šy
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====First declension====
| |
| First declension nouns end in a ''simple vowel'' in their base form.
| |
| | |
| This vowel is ''nasalized'' in the plural forms, but it remains unaffected in its quality in both case and plural formation. All patterns involve, thus, a ''single vowel'':
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''base''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular oblique''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-a</center> || <center>-a</center> || <center>-ã</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ä</center> || <center>-ä</center> || <center>-ä̃</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ɛ</center> || <center>-ɛ</center> || <center>-ɛ̃</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-o</center> || <center>-o</center> || <center>-õ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ö</center> || <center>-ö</center> || <center>-ö̃</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-u</center> || <center>-u</center> || <center>-ũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ü</center> || <center>-ü</center> || <center>-ü̃</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Example: sopa, ''dog''.
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center><small>''singular''</small></center> || colspan="2" | <center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || sopa || sopažə || sopã || sopãžõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || sopašy || sopašyžə || sopãšy || sopãšyžõ
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ====Second declension====
| | When taking an adjective role, the root is usually expanded by the adjectival suffix '''-i-'''. |
| Second declension nouns end in a ''simple vowel'' in their base form.
| |
| | |
| This vowel is ''nasalized'' in the plural forms, and it undergoes some kind of alteration in quality in either case or plural formation.
| |
| | |
| =====Subgroup A=====
| |
| The final vowel remains unaffected in quality in the singular, but it undergoes a change in quality in the plural, together with nasalisation. All patterns involve, thus, ''two vowels'':
| |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''base''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular oblique''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-i</center> || <center>-i</center> || <center>-ỹ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Example: čeri, ''bridge''.
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center><small>''singular''</small></center> || colspan="2" | <center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || čeri || čerižə || čerỹ || čerỹžõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || čerišy || čerišyžə || čerỹšy || čerỹšyžõ
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| =====Subgroup B=====
| | '''ṫjejm-''' → '''ṫjejm-''' + '''-i-''' → '''ṫjejmi''' |
| The final vowel rundergoes a change in quality both in the singular and in the plural, together with nasalisation. All patterns involve, thus, ''two vowels'':
| | <small>''interr.'' → ''which?''</small> |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''base''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular oblique''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ə</center> || <center>-o</center> || <center>-õ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-y</center> || <center>-u</center> || <center>-ũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| Example: ɛcə, ''year''.
| | As pronouns, these forms display a complete declension, in which the case forms according to the animacy of the referred noun. |
|
| |
|
| {|- | | {|- |
| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2" | <center><small>''singular''</small></center> || colspan="2" | <center><small>''plural''</small></center> | | | || colspan="2" | <center>''who? / what?''</center> || colspan="2" | <center>''how much? / how many?''</center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center> | | | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''singular''</small></center> || style="width: 100px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center> |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || ɛcə || ɛcəžə || ɛcõ || ɛcõžõ | | | <center><small>''ergative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmek̇ə''' || '''ṫjejmejk̇ə''' || '''sjowpek̇ə''' || '''sjowpejk̇ə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || ɛcošy || ɛcošyžə || ɛcõšy || ɛcõšyžõ | | | <center><small>''absolutive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejme''' || '''ṫjejmej''' || '''sjowpe''' || '''sjowpej''' |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Subgroup C=====
| |
| The final vowel (<small>usually preceded by the semivowel -j-</small>) undergoes a first change in quality in the singular, then it undergoes a further change and in the plural, together with nasalisation. All patterns involve, thus, ''three vowels'':
| |
| {|-
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''base''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular oblique''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''possessive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeṗu''' || '''ṫjejmejṗu''' || '''sjowpeṗu''' || '''sjowpejṗu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center>-ə</center> || <center>-e</center> || <center>-ỹ</center> | | | <center><small>''terminative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʈu''' || '''ṫjejmejʈu''' || '''sjowpeʈu''' || '''sjowpejʈu''' |
| |- | | |- |
| |} | | | <center><small>''ablative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeʡo''' || '''ṫjejmejʡo''' || '''sjowpeʡo''' || '''sjowpejʡo''' |
| | |
| Example: ħukjə, ''bear''.
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | || colspan="2" | <center><small>''singular''</small></center> || colspan="2" | <center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''causative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmeno''' || '''ṫjejmejno''' || '''sjowpeno''' || '''sjowpejno''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center>
| | | <center><small>''benefactive''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmepə''' || '''ṫjejmejpə''' || '''sjowpepə''' || '''sjowpejpə''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || ħukjə || ħukjəžə || ħukjỹ || ħukjỹžõ | | | <center><small>''instrumental''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmema''' || '''ṫjejmejma''' || '''sjowpema''' || '''sjowpejma''' |
| |- | | |- |
| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || ħukješy || ħukješyžə || ħukjỹšy || ħukjỹšyžõ | | | <center><small>''locative''</small></center> || '''ṫjejmewa''' || '''ṫjejmejwa''' || '''sjowpewa''' || '''sjowpejwa''' |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
| ====Third declension====
| | The quality root can refer freely to either animate or inanimate entities. A distinction of animacy can be inferred by the context or by choice of case forms. However, some declined forms can acquire new interrogative meanings depending on the selected case: |
| Third declension nouns end in a ''consonant'' in their base form.
| |
| | |
| A vowel is added withing declension. This vowel is ''nasalized'' in the plural forms, and it may undergo some kind of alteration in quality in either case or plural formation. | |
|
| |
|
| =====Subgroup A=====
| | * '''ṫjejmewa''': where (<small>static location</small>) |
| The vowel -ɛ- is added. This vowel is ''nasalized'' in the plural forms, but it remains unaffected in its quality in both case and plural formation. All patterns involve, thus, a ''single vowels'':
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu''': where (<small>motion toward</small>) |
| {|-
| | * '''ṫjejmeno ''': why (<small>cause</small>) |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''base''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular oblique''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-</center> || <center>-ɛ</center> || <center>-ɛ̃</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Example: uħetnỹm, ''stylus''.
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center><small>''singular''</small></center> || colspan="2" | <center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || uħetnỹm || uħetnỹmɛž || uħetnỹmɛ̃ || uħetnỹmɛ̃žõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || uħetnỹmɛšy || uħetnỹmɛšyžə || uħetnỹmɛ̃šy || uħetnỹmɛ̃šyžõ
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Subgroup B=====
| |
| The vowel -e- is added. This vowel undergoes a change in quality and it is ''nasalized'' in the plural forms. All patterns involve, thus, ''two vowels'':
| |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''base''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular oblique''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-</center> || <center>-e</center> || <center>-ỹ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Example: büts, ''leg''.
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center><small>''singular''</small></center> || colspan="2" | <center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || büts || bütsɛž || bütsỹ || bütsỹžõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || bütsešy || bütsešyžə || bütsỹšy || bütsỹšyžõ
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Fourth declension====
| |
| Fourth declension nouns end in a ''nasal vowel'' in their base form.
| |
| | |
| This vowel remains ''unaffected'' in quality and nasalisation in both case and plural formation. All patterns involve, thus, a ''single vowel'':
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''base''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular oblique''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ã</center> || <center>-ã</center> || <center>-ã</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ä̃</center> || <center>-ä̃</center> || <center>-ä̃</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ɛ̃</center> || <center>-ɛ̃</center> || <center>-ɛ̃</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ə̃</center> || <center>-ə̃</center> || <center>-ə̃</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-õ</center> || <center>-õ</center> || <center>-õ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ö̃</center> || <center>-ö̃</center> || <center>-ö̃</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ũ</center> || <center>-ũ</center> || <center>-ũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ü̃</center> || <center>-ü̃</center> || <center>-ü̃</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ỹ</center> || <center>-ỹ</center> || <center>-ỹ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Example: śuqɛ̃, ''woman''.
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center><small>''singular''</small></center> || colspan="2" | <center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || śuqɛ̃ || śuqɛ̃žə || śuqɛ̃ || śuqɛ̃žõ
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || śuqɛ̃šy || śuqɛ̃šyžə || śuqɛ̃šy || śuqɛ̃šyžõ
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| As it can be easily noticed, nouns belonging to this declension do not actually distinguish the singular the plural number in their indefinite form. In such cases, distinction in number is made by other elements in the sentence, like adjectives or verbs.
| |
| | |
| śuqɛ̃ cöraq - śuqɛ̃ cöraqõ
| |
| <small>a woman is running - some women are running</small>
| |
| | |
| ====Fifth declension====
| |
| Fifth declension nouns end in a ''nasal vowel'' in their base form.
| |
| | |
| This vowel remains ''unaffected'' in quality and nasalisation in both case and plural formation. All patterns involve, thus, ''two vowels'':
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''base''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''singular oblique''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ã</center> || <center>-ã</center> || <center>-ã</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ä̃</center> || <center>-ä̃</center> || <center>-ä̃</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ɛ̃</center> || <center>-ɛ̃</center> || <center>-ɛ̃</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ə̃</center> || <center>-ə̃</center> || <center>-ə̃</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-õ</center> || <center>-õ</center> || <center>-õ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ö̃</center> || <center>-ö̃</center> || <center>-ö̃</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ũ</center> || <center>-ũ</center> || <center>-ũ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ü̃</center> || <center>-ü̃</center> || <center>-ü̃</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center>-ỹ</center> || <center>-ỹ</center> || <center>-ỹ</center>
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Example: śuqɛ̃, ''woman''.
| |
| | |
| {|-
| |
| |-
| |
| | || colspan="2" | <center><small>''singular''</small></center> || colspan="2" | <center><small>''plural''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="width: 100px;"| || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''indefinite''</small></center> || style="width: 80px;"|<center><small>''definite''</small></center>
| |
| |-
| |
| | <center><small>''direct''</small></center> || śuqɛ̃ || śuqɛ̃žə || śuqɛ̃ || śuqɛ̃žõ
| |
| |-
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| | <center><small>''oblique''</small></center> || śuqɛ̃šy || śuqɛ̃šyžə || śuqɛ̃šy || śuqɛ̃šyžõ
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| As it can be easily noticed, nouns belonging to this declension do not actually distinguish the singular the plural number in their indefinite form. In such cases, distinction in number is made by other elements in the sentence, like adjectives or verbs.
| | These forms, while broadly undefined in their meaning, are usually specified by using the interrogative adjective with other generic or specific nouns: |
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| śuqɛ̃ cöraq - śuqɛ̃ cöraqõ
| | * '''ṫjejmewa weʡewa''': in which place (<small>static location</small>) |
| <small>a woman is running - some women are running</small>
| | * '''ṫjejmeʈu weʡeʈu''': in which place (<small>motion toward</small>) |
